Aim To verify the puerarin anti-smooth muscle cell proliferation effect through treating rabbit artery balloon injury. Methods The rabbit iliac artery balloon injury model was duplicated, then treated with 50 mg/(kg·d), 100 mg/(kg·d) puerarin or without treatment. The diameter of iliac artery was measured by ultrasound equipment. The intima, media and blood vessel areas were measured by slide image analysis system. Results Five weeks after the operation, the 50 mg/(kg·d) treated group's iliac artery diameters (1.66±0.41 mm) were wider than control group's (1.13±0.43 mm), so did 100 mg/(kg·d) puerarin group's, and ratio of intima to media area of 100 mg/(kg·d) puerarin group was also lower than the control's. Conclusion Puerarin has effect of preventing stenosis after balloon injury.