Aim To investigate the changes of sugar and lipid metabolism in syndrome X rats and examine the intervenient effects of rosiglitazone on them. Methods Syndrome X was produced by two-kindey, one-cliped (2K1C) rats fed with high fructose. Systolic blood pressure (SBP), blood lipid, the level of blood sugar and serum insulin were measured respectively in groups, and insulin sensitive index (ISI) was also calculated. Results At 8 weeks, compared with sham operation group, SBP, triglyceride (TG), blood total cholesterol (TC), low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDLC), fasting blood sugar (FBS), fasting serum insulin (FSI) significantly increased; insulin sensitive index (ISI), high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDLC) significantly reduced in groups with or without rosiglitazone treatment. At 11 weeks, in the group with rosiglitazone treatment, TG, FBS and FSI remarkably reduced, TC, HDLC and ISI significantly elevated, but LDLC only slightly increased; While other two groups did not change significantly compared with that at 8 weeks. Conclusions Rosiglitazone can reduce BP, improve insulin resistance and correct the abnormity of sugar and lipid metabolism.