The hippocampus is one of the ischemia-sensitive parts of the brain. After hippocampal ischemic injury, the organisms’ function, such as learning and memory, declined, and eventually led to the occurrence of neurodegenerative diseases. The significant difference of selective vulnerability in the different sectors of the hippocampus is an important feature of the pathological changes of cerebral ischemia. In this article, we make a brief summary of recent research on mechanisms of hippocampal ischemic injury, including excitatory amino acid toxicity and oxidative stress, immune inflammation, and apoptosis.