Aim To observe the protective effects of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells transplantation for treatment of cerebral ischemia injury in rats,and investigates the expression of interleukin 10 (IL-10) and transforming growth factor beta 1 (TGF-β1) to explore its possible mechanism of nerve repair. Methods 36 male SD rats were randomly divided into blank group, model group,and transplantation group. MCAO model was formed by suture occluded method. Rats intransplatation group were given Bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells. Rats in model group were given the same dose of normal saline and nothing were given to blank group. Evaluate their condition by Bederson scoring at 1,3,7,4 days after injured. Area of cerebral infarction was measured through brain tissue TTC staining. Detect the changes of inflammatory factors IL-10 and TGF-β1 in serum and brain tissue of rats by ELISA and Western blot. Results The blank group had low expression of IL-10 and TGF-β1 . Compared with the blank group, both the volume of cerebral infarction of rats in the model group and the scores of the nervous function behavior were increased markedly (P<0.01), the expression of IL-10 and TGF-β1 in serum and brain tissue was significantly higher than that in the blank group(P<0.05). Compared with the model group, the cerebral infarct volume in the experimental group was decreased , the scores of the nervous function behavior of rats were significantly decreased at 3,7,14 days (P<0.05), the expression of IL-10 and TGF-β1 in serum and brain tissue was significantly higher than that in the model group (P<0.01). With the passage of time, the expression of IL-10 and TGF-β1 was gradually reduced. Conclusions BMSC transplantation is able to improve the recovery of the cerebral ischemic injury. The mechanism may be related to the secretion of anti-inflammatory cytokines IL-10 and TGF-β1.