2025年4月5日 周六
Home > Archive>Volume 28, Issue 11, 2020 >921-929
PDF HTML XML Export Cite reminder
The Research Progresses on the Molecular Mechanism for Vascular Calcification
CSTR:
[cstr]
Author:
Affiliation:

Key Laboratory of Metabolism and Regulation for Major Diseases of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, Anhui 230601, China)

Clc Number:

R54

  • Article
    • | |
  • Metrics
    • |
  • Reference [116]
    • |
  • Related [20]
    • | | |
  • Comments
    Abstract:

    Vascular calcification is highly prevalent in ageing, atherosclerosis, diabetes and chronic kidney disease, and associated with morbidity and mortality of myocardial infarction. As more investigation input in this field, the better understanding of vascular calcification has been achieved. This review focuses on the molecular mechanism of vascular calcification, including osteogenic transition of vascular smooth muscle cell, defects in calcification inhibitors, disorders of calcium and phosphate homeostasis, oxidative stress, inflammation, apoptosis, autophagy, extracellular matrix remodeling and microRNAs. In this column, several research groups have conducted the in-depth studies on the role of activated T-cell cytoplasmic 1 in the progression of diabetic vascular calcification, the relationship between the ratio of neutrophils to lymphocytes and coronary calcification in dialysis patients, and the effect of Dendrobium huoshanense on atherosclerosis and vascular calcification in LDLR gene knockout mice induced by high-fat food feeding.

    Reference
    [1] Shanahan CM, Crouthamel MH, Kapustin A, et al.Arterial calcification in chronic kidney disease:key roles for calcium and phosphate.Circ Res, 1,9(6):697-711.
    [2] Ho CY, Shanahan CM2.Medial arterial calcification:an overlooked player in peripheral arterial disease..Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol, 6,6(8):1475-82.
    [3] Nicoll R, Henein MY.The predictive value of arterial and valvular calcification for mortality and cardiovascular events.Int J Cardiol Heart Vessel, 4,3:1-5.
    [4] Johnson RC, Leopold JA, Loscalzo J.Vascular calcification:pathobiological mechanisms and clinical implications.Circ Res, 6,9(10):1044-1059.
    [5] Yamada S, Giachelli CM.Vascular calcification in CKD-MBD:roles for phosphate, FGF23, and Klotho.Bone, 7,0:87-93.
    [6] Durham AL, Speer MY, Scatena M, et al.Role of smooth muscle cells in vascular calcification:implications in atherosclerosis and arterial stiffness.Cardiovasc Res, 8,4(4):590-600.
    [7] Lin ME, Chen TM, Wallingford MC, et al.Runx2 deletion in smooth muscle cells inhibits vascular osteochondrogenesis and calcification but not atherosclerotic lesion formation.Cardiovasc Res, 6,2(2):606-616.
    [8] Lee MS, Shah N.The impact and pathophysiologic consequences of coronary artery calcium deposition in percutaneous coronary interventions.J Invasive Cardiol, 6,8(4):160-167.
    [9] Toita R, Otani K, Kawano T, et al.Protein kinase A (PKA) inhibition reduces human aortic smooth muscle cell calcification stimulated by inflammatory response and inorganic phosphate.Life Sci, 8,9:466-471.
    [10] Bertazzo S, Gentleman E.Aortic valve calcification:a bone of contention.Eur Heart J, 7,8(16):1189-1193.
    [11] María MIG, Iván HB, Javier GN, et al.Valve calcification in aortic stenosis:etiology and diagnostic imaging techniques.BioMed Res Int, 2017(3):1-12.
    [12] Nigwekar SU, Thadhani R, Brandenburg VM.Calciphylaxis.N Engl J Med, 8,9:397-400.
    [13] McCarthy JT, El-Azhary RA, Patzelt MT, et al.Survival, risk factors, and effect of treatment in 101 patients with calciphylaxis.Mayo Clin Proc, 6,1(10):1384-1394.
    [14] Khong TY, Dilly SA.Calcification of umbilical artery:two distinct lesions.J Clin Pathol, 9,2(9):931-934.
    [15] Li N, Cheng W, Huang T, et al.Vascular adventitia calcification and its underlying mechanism.PLoS One, 5,0(7):e0132506.
    [16] Rogers MA, Aikawa E.Cardiovascular calcification:artificial intelligence and big data accelerate mechanistic discovery.Nat Rev Cardiol, 9,6(5):261-274.
    [17] Pescatore LA, Gamarra LF, Liberman M.Multifaceted mechanisms of vascular calcification in aging.Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol, 9,9(7):1307-1316.
    [18] Cozzolino M, Ciceri P, Galassi A, et al.The key role of phosphate on vascular calcification.Toxins, 9,1(4):213.
    [19] Zhu DX, Mackenzie NCW, Farquharson C, et al.Mechanisms and clinical consequences of vascular calcification.Front Endocrinol, 2,3:95.
    [20] Bardeesi ASA, Gao J, Zhang K.A novel role of cellular interactions in vascular calcification.J Transl Med, 7,5(1):95.
    [21] Zhang K, Zhang YY, Feng WJ, et al.Interleukin-18 enhances vascular calcification and osteogenic differentiation of vascular smooth muscle cells through TRPM7 activation.Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol, 7,7(10):1933-1943.
    [22] Schlieper G, Schurgers L, Brandenburg V, et al.Vascular calcification in chronic kidney disease:an update.Nephrol Dial Transplant, 6,1(1):31-39.
    [23] Brozovich FV, Nicholson CJ, Degen CV, et al.Mechanisms of vascular smooth muscle contraction and the basis for pharmacologic treatment of smooth muscle disorders.Pharmacol Rev, 6,8(2):476-532.
    [24] Ponticos M, Smith BD.Extracellular matrix synthesis in vascular disease:hypertension, and atherosclerosis.J Biomed Res, 4,8(1):25-39.
    [25] Nahar-Gohad P, GohadN, Tsai C, et al.Rat aortic smooth muscle cells cultured on hydroxyapatite differentiate into osteoblast-like cells via BMP-2-SMAD-5 pathway.Calcif Tissue Int, 5,6:359-369.
    [26] 王亚萍, 何胜虎.过氧化体增殖物激活型受体γ抑制转化生长因子β1诱导的血管平滑肌细胞钙化.中国动脉硬化杂志, 8,6(12):1206-1211.
    [27] Shroff R, McNair R, Figg N, et al.Dialysis accelerates medial vascular calcification in part by triggering smooth muscle cell apoptosis.Circulation, 8,8(17):1748-1757.
    [28] Voelkl J, Lang F, Eckardt K, et al.Signaling pathways involved in vascular smooth muscle cell calcification during hyperphosphatemia.Cell Mol Life Sci, 9,6:2077-2091.
    [29] Leopold JA.Vascular calcification:mechanisms of vascular smooth muscle cell calcification.Trends Cardiovasc Med, 5,5(4):267-274.
    [30] Lee SJ, Lee IK, Jeon JH.Vascular calcification-new insights into its mechanism.Int J Mol Sci, 0,1(8):2685.
    [31] Loebel C, Czekanska EM, Bruderer M, et al.In vitro osteogenic potential of human mesenchymal stem cells is predicted by Runx2/Sox9 ratio.Tissue Eng, 5,1(1-2):115-123.
    [32] Komori T.Regulation of bone development and extracellular matrix protein genes by RUNX2.Cell Tissue Res, 0,9(1):189-195.
    [33] Shen CC, Li XZ, Rasooly A, et al.A single electrochemical biosensor for detecting the activity and inhibition of both protein kinase and alkaline phosphatase based on phosphate ions induced deposition of redox precipitates.Biosens Bioelectron, 6,5:220-225.
    [34] Azpiazu D, Gonzalo S, Villa-Bellosta R.Tissue non-specific alkaline phosphatase and vascular calcification:a potential therapeutic target.Curr Cardiol Rev, 9,5(2):91-95.
    [35] Shao JS, Aly ZA, Lai CF, et al.Vascular BMP-Msx2-Wnt signaling and oxidative stress in arterial calcification.Ann N Y Acad Sci, 7,7(1):40-50.
    [36] 刘曜蓉, 严豪, 李振元, 等.磷酸钙晶体通过BMP-2/Smad信号通路促进血管钙化.中华肾脏病杂志, 8,4(8):608-615.
    [37] 孙振, 李丽华, 毛翔, 等.活化T细胞核因子c1在糖尿病血管钙化进展中的作用研究.中国动脉硬化杂志, 0,8(11):936-942.
    [38] Orriss IR, Arnett TR, Russell RG.Pyrophosphate:a key inhibitor of mineralization.Curr Opin Pharmacol, 6,8:57-68.
    [39] Li YL, Sun Z, Zhang LL, et al.Role of macrophages in the progression and regression of vascular calcification.Front Pharmacol, 0,1:661.
    [40] Zavaczki E, Jeney V, Agarwal A, et al.Hydrogen sulfide inhibits the calcification and osteoblastic differentiation of vascular smooth muscle cells.Kidney Int, 1,0(7):731-739.
    [41] Liu Y, Zhang L, Ni Z, et al.Calcium phosphate crystals from uremic serum promote osteogenic differentiation in human aortic smooth muscle cells.Calcif Tissue Int, 6,9(5):543-555.
    [42] Sheen CR, Kuss P, Narisawa S, et al.Pathophysiological role of vascular smooth muscle alkaline phosphatase in medial artery calcification.J Bone Miner Res, 5,0(5):824-836.
    [43] Hortells L, Sosa C, Guillén N, et al.Identifying early pathogenic events during vascular calcification in uremic rats.Kidney Int, 7,2(6):1384-1394.
    [44] Staines KA, MacRae VE, Farquharson C.The importance of the SIBLING family of proteins on skeletal mineralisation and bone remodeling.J Endocrinol, 2,4(3):241-255.
    [45] Scatena M, Liaw L, Giachelli CM.Osteopontin:a multifunctional molecule regulating chronic inflammation and vascular disease.Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol, 7,7(11):2302-2309.
    [46] Ge Q, Ruan CC, Ma Y, et al.Osteopontin regulates macrophage activation and osteoclast formation in hypertensive patients with vascular calcification.Sci Rep, 7,7:40253.
    [47] Speer MY, McKee MD, Guldberg RE, et al.Inactivation of theosteopontin gene enhances vascular calcification of matrix Gla protein-deficient mice:evidence for osteopontin as an inducible inhibitor of vascular calcification in vivo.J Exp Med, 2,6(8):1047-1055.
    [48] Paloian NJ, Leaf EM, Giachelli CM.Osteopontin protects against high phosphate-induced nephrocalcinosis and vascular calcification.Kidney Int, 6,9:1027-1036.
    [49] Steitz SA, Speer MY, McKee MD, et al.Osteopontin inhibits mineral deposition and promotes regression of ectopic calcification.Am J Pathol, 2,1(6):2035-2046.
    [50] Dawson S, Lawrie A, et al.From bones to blood pressure, developing novel biologic approaches targeting the osteoprotegein pathway for pulmonary vascular disease.Pharmacol Ther, 7,9:78-82.
    [51] Bucay N, Sarosi I, Dunstan CR, et al.Osteoprotegerin-deficient mice develop early onset osteoporosis and arterial calcification.Genes Dev, 8,2(9):1260-1268.
    [52] Collin-Osdoby P.Regulation of vascular calcification by osteoclast regulatory factors RANKL and osteoprotegerin.Circ Res, 4,5(11):1046-1057.
    [53] Siasos G, Oikonomou E, Maniatis K, et al.Prognostic significance of arterial stiffness and osteoprotegerin in patients with stable coronary artery disease.Eur J Clin Invest, 8,8(3):e12890.
    [54] Barrett H, O'Keeffe M, Kavanagh E, et al.Is matrix Gla protein associated with vascular calcification? A systematic review.Nutrients, 8,0(4):415.
    [55] Luo G, Ducy P, McKee MD, et al.Spontaneous calcification of arteries and cartilage in mice lacking matrix GLA protein.Nature, 7,6(6620):78-81.
    [56] Roumeliotis S, Dounousi E, Eleftheriadis T, et al.Association of the inactive circulating matrix Gla protein with vitamin K intake, calcification, mortality, and cardiovascular disease:a review.Int J Mol Sci, 9,0:628.
    [57] Heiss A, DuChesne A, Denecke B, et al.Structural basis of calcification inhibition by alpha 2-HS glycoprotein/fetuin A:Formation of colloidal calciprotein particles.J Biol Chem, 3,8(15):13333-13341.
    [58] Herrmann M, Schaefer C, Kinkeldey A, et al.Ectopic calcification in fetuin-A deficient mice starts in the microvasculature.Bone, 1,8:S241.
    [59] Ketteler M, Bongartz P, Westenfeld R, et al.Association of low fetuin-A (AHSG) concentrations in serum with cardiovascular mortality in patients on dialysis:a cross-sectional study.Lancet, 3,1(9360):827-833.
    [60] Willi JD, Heiss A, Schfer C, et al.Fetuin-A regulation of calcified matrix metabolism.Circ Res, 1,8(12):1494-1509.
    [61] Cai MM, Smith ER, Holt SG.The role of fetuin-A in mineral trafficking and deposition.Bonekey Rep, 5,4:672.
    [62] Mencke R, Hillebrands JL, consortium N.The role of the anti-ageing protein Klotho in vascular physiology and pathophysiology.Ageing Res Rev, 7,5:124-146.
    [63] Satoh M, Nagasu H, Morita Y, et al.Klotho protects against mouse renal fibrosis by inhibiting Wnt signaling.Am J Physiol Renal Physiol, 2,3(12):1641-1651.
    [64] Kusaba T, Okigaki M, Matui A, et al.Klotho is associated with VEGF receptor-2 and the transient receptor potential canonical-1 Ca2+ channel to maintain endothelial integrity.Proc Natl Acad Sci USA, 0,7(45):19308-19313.
    [65] Hu MC, Shi M, Zhang J, et al.Klotho deficiency causes vascular calcification in chronic kidney disease.J Am Soc Nephrol, 1,2(1):124-136.
    [66] Chang JR, Guo J, Wang Y, et al.Intermedin1-53 attenuates vascular calcification in rats with chronic kidney disease by upregulation of α-Klotho.Kidney Intl, 6,9(3):586-600.
    [67] Cheng L, Zhang L, Yang J, et al.Activation of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ inhibits vascular calcification by upregulating Klotho.Exp Ther Med, 7,3:467-474
    [68] Cianciolo G, Galassi A, Capelli I, et al.Klotho-FGF23, cardiovascular disease, and vascular calcification:black or white.Curr Vasc Pharmacol, 8,6:143-156.
    [69] Larsson TE, Olauson H, Hagstrom E, et al.Conjoint effects of serum calcium and phosphate on risk of total, cardiovascular, and noncardiovascular mortality in the community.Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol, 0,0(2):333-339.
    [70] Hulbert M, Turner ME, Hopman WM, et al.Changes in vascular calcification and bone mineral density in calcium supplement users from the Canadian Multi-center Osteoporosis Study (CaMOS).Atherosclerosis, 0,6:83-90.
    [71] West SL, Swan VJ, Jamal SA.Effects of calcium on cardiovascular events in patients with kidney disease and in a healthy population.Clin J Am Soc Nephrol, 2010(Supp-1):S41-S47.
    [72] Issa H, Hénaut L, Abdallah JB, et al.Activation of the calcium-sensing receptor in human valvular interstitial cells promotes calcification.J Mol Cell Cardiol, 9,9:2-12.
    [73] Masumoto A, Sonou T, Ohya M, et al.Calcium overload accelerates phosphate-induced vascular calcification via Pit-1, but not the calcium-sensing receptor.J Atheroscler Thromb, 7,4(7):716-724.
    [74] Houben E, Neradova A, Schurgers LJ, et al.The influence of phosphate, calcium and magnesium on matrix Gla-protein and vascular calcification:a systematic review.G Ital Nefrol, 6,3(6):1724.
    [75] Liu L, Liu Y, Zhang Y, et al.High phosphate-induced downregulation of PPARγ contributes to CKD-associated vascular calcification.J Mol Cell Cardiol, 8,4:264-275.
    [76] Al-Aly Z.Phosphate, oxidative stress, and nuclear factor-b activation in vascular calcification.Kidney Int, 1,9(10):1044-1047.
    [77] 曾蓉, 李安琪, 刘江华.血管平滑肌细胞内质网应激与血管钙化的研究进展.中国动脉硬化杂志, 0,8(11):949-954.
    [78] Wei R, Enaka M, Muragaki Y.Activation of KEAP1/NRF2/P62 signaling alleviates high phosphate-induced calcification of vascular smooth muscle cells by suppressing reactive oxygen species production.Sci Rep, 9,9:10366.
    [79] Luong TTD, Schelski N, Boehme B.Fibulin-3 attenuates phosphate-induced vascular smooth muscle cell calcification by inhibition of oxidative stress.Cell Physiol Biochem, 8,6:1305-1316.
    [80] Rogers MA, Maldonado N, Hutcheson JD, et al.Dynamin-related protein 1 inhibition attenuates cardiovascular calcification in the presence of oxidative stress.Circ Res, 7,1:220-233.
    [81] Gamboa JL, Billings FT, Bojanowski MT, et al.Mitochondrial dysfunction and oxidative stress in patients with chronic kidney disease.Physiol Rep, 6,4(9):e12780.
    [82] Alesutan I, Feger M, Tuffaha R, et al.Augmentation of phosphate-induced osteo-chondrogenic transformation of vascular smooth muscle cells by homoarginine.Cardiovasc Res, 6,0:408-418.
    [83] Huang M, Zheng L, Xu H, et al.Oxidative stress contributes to vascular calcification in patients with chronic kidney disease.J Mol Cell Cardiol, 0,8:256-268.
    [84] Bessueille L, Magne D.Inflammation:a culprit for vascular calcification in atherosclerosis and diabetes.Cell Mol Life Sci, 5,2(13):2475-2489.
    [85] López-Mejías R, González-Gay MA.IL-6:Linking chronic inflammation and vascular calcification.Nat Rev Rheumatol, 9,5(8):457-459.
    [86] 赵文曼, 方味味, 李丹丹, 等.中性粒细胞与淋巴细胞比值与透析患者冠状动脉钙化关系.中国动脉硬化杂志, 0,8(11):943-948.
    [87] Gonzalo SD, Amaya GV, Vera P, et al.Inflammation induces endothelial-to-mesenchymal transition and promotes vascular calcification through downregulation of BMPR2.J Pathol, 9,7(3):333-346.
    [88] Tintut Y, Patel J, Parhami F, et al.Tumor necrosis factor-α promotes in vitro calcification of vascular cells via the cAMP pathway.Circulation, 0,2(21):2636-2642.
    [89] Ye YL, Bian WX, Fu F, et al.Selenoprotein S inhibits inflammation-induced vascular smooth muscle cell calcification.J Biol Inorg Chem, 8,3:739-751.
    [90] Liu HL, Zhang XL, Zhong XL, et al.Puerarin inhibits vascular calcification of uremic rats.Eur J Pharmacol, 9,5:235-243.
    [91] Abedin M, Lim J, Tang TB, et al.N-3 fatty acids inhibit vascular calcification via the p38-mitogen-activated protein kinase and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ pathways.Circ Res, 6,8(6):727-729.
    [92] Pang HY, Xiao LF, Lu Z, et al.Targeting androgen receptor in macrophages inhibits phosphate-induced vascular smooth muscle cell calcification by decreasing IL-6 expression.Vasc Pharmacol, 0,0:106681.
    [93] O'Neill WC, Lomashvili KA, Malluche HH.Treatment with pyrophosphate inhibits uremic vascular calcification.Kidney Int, 1,9(5):512-517.
    [94] Chang JR, Sun N, Liu Y, et al.Erythropoietin attenuates vascular calcification by inhibiting endoplasmic reticulum stress in rats with chronic kidney disease.Peptides, 0,3:170181.
    [95] Shi YC, Wang SP, Peng HY, et al.Fibroblast growth factor 21 attenuates vascular calcification by alleviating endoplasmic reticulum stress mediated apoptosis in rats.Int J Biol Sci, 9,5(1):138-147.
    [96] Yang WL, Zou B, Hou YF, et al.Extracellular vesicles in vascular calcification.Clin Chim Acta, 9,9:118-122.
    [97] Reynolds J, Joannides A, Skepper J, et al.Human vascular smooth muscle cells undergo vesicle-mediated calcification in response to changes in extracellular calcium and phosphate concentrations:a potential mechanism for accelerated vascular calcification in ESRD.J Am Soc Nephrol, 4,5(11):2857-2867.
    [98] Gump JM, Thorburn A.Autophagy and apoptosis-what’s the connection.Trends Cell Biol, 1,1(7):387-392.
    [99] KC Phadwal, Feng D, Zhu DX, et al.Autophagy as a novel therapeutic target in vascular calcification.Pharmacol Therapeut, 0,6:107430.
    [100] Dai XY, Zhao MM, Cai Y, et al.Phosphateinduced autophagy counteracts vascular calcification by reducing matrix vesicle release.2013, Kidney Int, 83(6):1042-1051.
    [101] Frauscher B, Kirsch, AH, Schabhuttl C, et al.Autophagy protects from uremic vascular media calcification.Front Immuno, 8,9:1866.
    [102] Fetterman JL, Holbrook M, Flint N, et al.Restoration of autophagy in endothelial cells from patients with diabetes mellitus improves nitric oxide signaling.Atherosclerosis, 6,7:207-217.
    [103] Qiu X, Liu K, Xiao L, et al.Alpha-lipoic acid regulates the autophagy of vascular smooth muscle cells in diabetes by elevating hydrogen sulfide level.Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis, 8,4(11):3723-3738.
    [104] Wagenseil JE, Mecham RP.Vascular extracellular matrix and arterial mechanics.Physiol Rev, 9,9 (3):957-989.
    [105] Pai AS, Giachelli CM.Matrix remodeling in vascular calcification associated with chronic kidney disease.J Am Soc Nephrol, 0,1(10):1637-1640.
    [106] Sung DC, Bowen CJ, Vaidya KA, et al.Cadherin-11 overexpression induces extracellular matrix remodeling and calcification in mature aortic valves.Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol, 6,6:1627-1637.
    [107] Braake ADT, Smit AE, Bos C, et al.Magnesium prevents vascular calcification in Klotho deficiency.Kidney Int, 0,7(3):487-501.
    [108] Leopold J.MicroRNAs regulate vascular medial calcification.Cells, 4,3(4):963-980.
    [109] Nanoudis S, Pikilidou M, Yavropoulou M et al.The role of microRNAs in arterial stiffness and arterial calcification.An update and review of the literature.Front Genet, 7,8:209.
    [110] 吴奇敏, 张新霞.非编码RNA在血管钙化中的研究进展.中国动脉硬化杂志, 0,8(11):955-959.
    [111] Badi I, Mancinelli L, Polizzotto A, et al.miR-34a promotes vascular smooth muscle cell calcification by downregulating SIRT1 (Sirtuin 1) and Axl (AXL Receptor Tyrosine Kinase).Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol, 8,8:2079-2090.
    [112] Xu TH, Qiu XB, Sheng ZT, et al.Restoration of microRNA-30b expression alleviates vascular calcification through the mTOR signaling pathway and autophagy.J Cell Physiol, 9,4(8):14306-14318.
    [113] Byon CH, Chen Y.Molecular mechanisms of vascular calcification in chronic kidney disease:The link between bone and the vasculature.Curr Osteoporos Rep, 5,3(4):206-215.
    [114] Chen CT, Yeh HY, Tsai YT, et al.Natural and non-natural antioxidative compounds:potential candidates for treatment of vascular calcification.Cell Death Discov, 9,5:145.
    [115] Sidgwick GP, Weston R, Ahmad N, et al.The plant extract momordica charantia reduces expression of vascular calcification markers in a smooth muscle cell culture model.Atherosclerosis, 6,4:e11.
    [116] 梁英权, 韩际宏, 余茂耘.霍山石斛对高脂诱导的LDLR基因敲除小鼠动脉粥样硬化和血管钙化的影响.中国动脉硬化杂志, 0,8(11):930-935.
    Cited by
Get Citation

LIANG Yingquan, DUAN Yajun, HAN Jihong. The Research Progresses on the Molecular Mechanism for Vascular Calcification[J]. Editorial Office of Chinese Journal of Arteriosclerosis,2020,28(11):921-929.

Copy
Share
Article Metrics
  • Abstract:1252
  • PDF: 1663
  • HTML: 0
  • Cited by: 0
History
  • Received:June 11,2020
  • Revised:June 15,2020
  • Online: November 30,2020
Article QR Code

You are the 27882 visitor

Post Code：421001 Fax：0734-8160523

Phone：0734-8160765 E-mail：dmzzbjb@163.net

Editorial Office of Chinese Journal of Arteriosclerosis ® 2025