Chylomicrons, as the main source of intestinal triglyceride-rich lipoproteins and their remnants, can promote the occurrence and development of atherosclerosis. Therefore, reducing chylomicrons and their remnants are expected to be one of the effective methods to reduce the residual risk of cardiovascular disease. This review describes the key proteins in the production of chylomicrons and their molecular mechanisms, as well as the progress of Chinese and Western medicine therapy systematically in order to provide reliable new ideas for the prevention and treatment of atherosclerosis.