Abstract:During the last few years stem cells including skeletal myoblasts, embryonic stem cells and bone marrow-derived stem cells have been proposed for myocardial regeneration. The experimental studies in animal models of infarction have documented the efficacy of stem cell transplantation in improving function of infarcted myocardium although the mechanisms involved in this improvement are not elucidated. This comment will try to present an overview of encouraging data, focus and questions on stem cells for treatment of myocardial infarction. I also provide my insight into the clinical potential for stem cell implantation.

Abstract:Aim To investigate the effect of paclitaxel on the time course of rabbit vascular smooth muscle cells (SMC) and endothelial cells (EC) growth. Methods In the cell coculture system, rabbit EC were seeded in the lower chamber and SMCs in the upper chamber. Four groups were divided: confluent EC group,proliferative EC group, EC control group and SMC control group. Paclitaxel of 10 nmol/L was added to the lower chamber of the confluent and proliferative EC group and act for 20 minutes. 3 H-TdR incorporation and cell counting were assayed respectively after 0, 1, 3, 7 and 10 d to determine the effect of paclitaxel on the time course of vascular EC and SMC growth. Results At 1 and 3 d after paclitaxel was added, the 3H-TdR incorporation and cell counting of SMC in the confluent and proliferative EC group were both significantly lower than those in the SMC control group (confluent EC group, proliferative EC group, 3 H-TdR incorporation was respectively: 1d:54%±4%, 56%±5%; 3 d: 65%±3%, 63%±3%; cell counting was respectively: 1 d: 64%±6%, 62%±4%; 3 d: 68%±5%, 66%±5%; n=6, p<0.05). The 3 H-TdR incorporation and cell counting of EC in the proliferative EC group were also significantly lower than those in the EC control group ( 3 H-TdR incorporation: 1 d: 75%±9%, 3 d: 81%±6%; cell counting: 1 d: 72%±7%, 3 d: 80%±7%; n=6, p<0.05). At 7 and 10d after paclitaxel was added, the 3 H-TdR incorporation and cell counting of SMC in the confluent EC group were still lower than those in the SMC control group ( 3 H-TdR incorporation: 7 d: 69%±5%, 10 d: 73%±4%; cell counting: 7 d: 72%±5%, 10 d: 76%±6%; n=6, p<0.05). However, the 3 H-TdR incorporation and cell counting of EC in the proliferative EC group have no statistical significance compared with the EC control group( 3 H-TdR in-corporation: corporation: 7 d: 97%±5%, 10 d: 101%±4%; cell counting: 7 d: 95%±4%, 10 d:

Abstract:Aim To investigate effects of aging on acyl-CoA oxidase (ACO) expression in rat liver and eplore the molecular mechanism of lipid metabolism during aging. Methods Young (4～6 weeks) and aged (24 months) (16 per group) male SD rats were estimated the lipid level, and both of them were randomly divided into control and fenofibrate group (fed with fenofibrate for 2 weeks, and total dose was 0.5% of body weight). The level of liver ACO mRNA was measured by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Results The triglyceride (TG) and total cholesterol (TC) levels of the aged control group increased significantly compared with the young control group. The ACO mRNA level of the aged group decreased significantly compared with the young group. Fenofibrate reduced serum TG and TC in aged- fenofibrate groups. The ACO mRNA level of both groups were affected by fenofibrate. Conclusion The mechanism of lipid dysfunction during aging is probably associated with the decreased expression of ACO.

Abstract:Aim To examine the distribution of R219K polymorphism of ATP binding cassette transporter 1(ABCA1) gene in Chinese population and to investigate the association of the SNP with lipid metabolism and the susceptibility to coronary atherosclerotic heart disease. Methods The target fragments of ATP binding cassette transporter 1 gene was amplified and analyzed by polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) technique in 133 unrelated normal control individuals and 49 familial hypercholesterolemia(FH) patients. The statistical analysis was implemented in statistical package SPSS. Results The observed allele frequencies were in accord with Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium. The frequency of ATP binding cassette transporter 1 219K allele was significantly higher in controls than that in FH patients (P=0.0001). Compared with the FH patients without 219K, the FH patients with 219K exhibited a significant decrease in plasma triglyceride concentration (1.14±0.55 mmol/L vs 1.76±0.58 mmol/L, P=0.001), and a trend of increase in plasma high density lipoprotein cholesterol concentration (1.39±0.54 mmol/L vs 1.21±0.32 mmol/L, P=0.061). Conclusions 219K polymorphism of ABCA1 gene was associated with higher high density lipoprotein cholesterol level and lower triglyceride level in FH patients and exert protective role for premature CHD in FH patients.

Abstract:Aim To observe the mechanism of oxidative modification of high density lipoprotein induced by cultured human arterial smooth muscle cell. Methods The oxidative modification of high density lipoprotein was identified by agarose gel electrophoresis mobility change, absorbance at 234 nm by ultraviolet light, level of lipid hydroperoxide by visible light and fluorescence of thiobarbuturic acid reaction substance of human plasma high density lipoprotein. Results The electrophoretic mobility of high density lipoprotein was increased and absorbance at 234 nm, lipid hydroperoxide and thiobarbuturic acid reaction substance of high density lipoprotein incubated by cultured human arterial smooth muscle cell were significantly higher than that of the native high density lipoprotein. Conclusion Oxidative modification of high density lipoprotein could be induced by cultured human arterial smooth muscle cell.

Abstract:Aim To investigate the atherosclerotic vascular remodeling by balloon hyperinflation and its possible mechanisms. Method Injury was induced to the right carotid artery by balloon hyperinflation in 10 Guizhou minipigs that were fed by either an atherogenic diet (hyperlipid, n=5) or a standard diet(control, n=5) and examined the resultant lesions 12 months later. The vascular samples was divided into four groups:normal control group, control group with balloon hyperinflated, hyperlipid group and hyperlipid group with balloon hyperinflated. The related indexes of vascular remodeling were observed by means of a computerized image analyzing system, the histopathological examination was performed and angiotensin Ⅱ(Ang Ⅱ), endothelin (ET), nitric oxide (NO), interleukin (IL)-6 of vascular tissues were measured. Results Except the normal control group,there were an artery intima proliferation and pathological vascular remodeling in three groups, especially the hyperlipid group with balloon hyperinflated group in which the maximum intima thickness (MIT) and intima area (IA) increased from 0 to 1.20±0.07 and 2.09±0.10 (p<0.01) respectively, but external elastic laminal area (EELa) decreased from 15.21±0.42 to 9.94±0.32 and internal elastic laminal area (IELa) deczeased from 11.38±0.22 to 6.14±0.16, minimum lumen diameter (MLD) deczeased from 3.64±0.10 to 1.50±0.05. The lumen area (LA) of carotid artery in this group was decreased by 64%. Compared with the normal control group, Ang Ⅱ, ET, IL-6 of vascular tissue in the group increased by 3.4, 4.5 and 3.2 times respectively (p<0.01). Conclusion A single endothelium injury or hyperlipidemia could induce and/or intensify vascular remodeling, Ang Ⅱ, ET, NO, IL-6 and vascular tissue inflammation might play an important role in the process.

Abstract:Aim To investigate the effects of C-reactive protein (CRP) on expression of matrix metalloproteinase-2 (MMP-2) in U937 cells and the influence of CRP on matrix remodeling in atherogenesis and plaque rapture. Methods U937 cells were cultured in vitro and intervened by different concentrations of recombination human CRP and provastatin [a: control; b: CRP 5 mg/L; c: CRP 20 mg/L; d: CRP 100 mg/L;e: CRP 20 mg/L+provastatin 10 -3 mol/L]. The MMP-2 mRNA was determined by reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT- PCR) and MMP-2 protein was measured by Western blotting. Results In comparison with the control, the expression of mRNA and protein of MMP-2 significantly increased in 5 mg/L, 20 mg/L and 100 mg/L CRP groups (p<0.05), and this up-regulation of the expression of MMP-2 could be inhibited in CRP 20 mg/L+Provastatin 10 -3 mol/L group. Conclusions CRP can enhance the expression of MMP-2 in U937 cells and may cause advanced inflammation in atherosclerosis plaques. It may provide an explanation for the phenomenon that patients who have high concentration of CRP are prone to have atherosclerotic lesions and plaque rapture.

Abstract:Aim To investigate the effect of overexpression of heme oxygenase-1(HO-1) gene on endothelial cells injury induced by high D-glucose and free fatty acid. Methods With gene recombination and transfer techniques, human HO-1 gene was tranfected into human umbilical vein endothelial cells(ECV304). Expression of HO-1 gene was analyzed in ECV304 and transfected into endothelial cells by using semi-quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction. Transfected cells and ECV304 were cultured in media containing D-glucose (5.5 mmol/L, 20 mmol/L) and/or palmitic acid (125 μmmol/L, 250 μmmol/L, 375 μmmol/L). After 48 h, cell viability in each group was determined by 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay, the release rate of lactate dehydrogenase was measured by colorimetric assay. Lipid peroxidation in cells was tested as malondialdehyde content. Results The expression level of HO-1 mRNA was increased significantly in transfected cells. Treatment of ECV304 cells with 20 mmol/L D-glucose and different concentration palmitic acid caused a great decrease in cell viability, and an increase in malondialdehyde contents and lactate dehydrogenase release rate. Transfected cells showed higher viability, lower malondialdehyde contents and lactate dehydrogenase release rate compaired to those untransfected cells with the same treatment. The protection effect of HO-1 was abolished when HO-1 inhibitor zinc protoporphyrin-Ⅸ was used in transfected cells. Conclusions These findings suggest that the upregulation of heme oxygenase-1 gene expression was able to enhance endothelial cell resistance against injury induced by high D-glucose and free fatty acid, which may be related to it's activity as antioxidant.

Abstract:Aim To study the effect of levo-anlodipine on lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and cardiac troponin of the anoxic myocardial cells. Methods Rat myocardial cells were cultured and randomly divided into normal group, anoxic injured group and levo-anlodipine group. Then the anoxic model was set up. After that, the concentrations of LDH, cardiac troponin Ⅰ (cTnⅠ) and dissociative calcium of myocardial cells (with Fura2/am fluorescent probe) were measured in each group. Results The concentrations of LDH, cTnⅠ and dissociative calcium of anoxic group were obviously higher than those of the control group (p<0.01)and levo-anlodipine can lessen the concentrations of LDH, cTnⅠ and dissociative calcium (p<0.01). Conclusion Levo-anlodipine can protect the anoxic myocardial cells by attenuating the calcium overload.

Abstract:Aim To study the changes of serum type I procollagen carboxyl terminal peptide (PIP) and the expression of type I collagen after balloon injury in rabbit and the effects of musk pill (MP) on it. Methods 45 rabbits were divided randomly into three groups: group of angioplasty (AP), group of AP plus musk pill (AP+MP) and group of control. A reproducible rabbit model of atherosclerosis was established with cholesterol feeding after iliac artery injury induced by an inflated balloon and balloon angioplasty was carried out. The expression of type I collagen gene in the smooth cells(SMC) of the iliac artery and serum PIP was respectively observed by molecular hybridization and radioimmunoassay. Results The level of serum PIP increased (9.54±1.49, p<0.05) in AP group compared with in control group. The expression of type I collagen(160±12,p<0.05) in AP group increased compared with in control group one week after the operation, and markedly increased at 2 and 4 weeks after the operation(p<0.01)(serum PIP: 14.21±2.67 and 15.63±6.87, the expression of type I collagen: 416±16 and 438±17), while no expression of type I collagen in AP+MP group. Conclusion These results suggest that iliac artery balloon injury may induce increase of type I collagen synthesis,which can be inhibited by MP.

Abstract:Aim To investigate the effect of atorvastatin on blood pressure and expression of myocardial angiotensin Ⅱ receptor-1, angiotensin Ⅱ receptor-2 in spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR). Methods The localization of angiotensin receptor-1 and angiotensin receptor-2 receptor protein in myocardium was investigated by immunohistochemistric assays. The levels of angiotensin receptor-1 and angiotensin receptor-2 mRNA expression were detected by in situ hybridization. Systolic blood pressure (SBP) was assessed with the tail-cuff method before and after treatment with atorvastatin every 2 weeks. Blood sample was taken for the determination of serum concentrations of total cholesterol (TC), triglyceride (TG), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDLC) and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDLC). Results SBP in all SHR groups was much higher than that in WKY group before experiment(p<0.01). SBP was significantly decreased in 50 mg atorvastatin group at 4 weeks and 6 weeks (p<0.01). Compared with SHR control group, there was a significant reduction in serum TC, TG and low density lipoprotein cholesterol concentrations in 50 mg atorvastatin group (p<0.05, p<0.01 ). The level of low density lipoprotein cholesterol was reduced merely in 10 mg atorvastatin group (p<0.05 ). The levels of angiotensin receptor-1, angiotensin receptor-2 protein and angiotensin receptor-1, angiotensin receptor-2 mRNA in SHR control group were significantly higher than those in WKY group (p<0.01). After 6 weeks, angiotensin receptor-1 protein level and angiotensin receptor-1 mRNA expression in 50 mg atorvastatin group were significantly lower than those in SHR control group (p<0.01), whenas angiotensin receptor-2 protein level and angiotensin receptor-2 mRNA expression were markedly higher than those in SHR control group (p<0.01). Conclusion Atorvastatin can significantly lower blood pressure, and down-regulat angiotensin receptor-1 and up-regulat angiotensin receptor-2 in myocardium.

Abstract:Aim To evaluate the potential inhibition of lipoprotein lipase (LPL), the rate limiting enzyme in hydrolyzing plasma triglyceride, in cultured cells by RNA interference technique, which would be further explored as a new way for intervention of atherosclerosis. Methods Two target sequences were designed according to human LPL sequence information and cloned into a plasmid expressing desirable small hairpin RNA (shRNA) in mammalian cells. This plasmid was co-transfected with LPL expressing plasmid into COS-7 cells. Real time polymerase chain reaction (PCR), Western blot and enzyme activity assay were carried out to determine the inhibition of LPL gene expression. Results Compared with the control cells, more than 70% inhibition of LPL gene expression in cells co-transfected with shRNA was observed at the levels of mRNA, protein and enzymatic activity. Conclusion Expression of LPL gene can be efficiently inhibited in vitro by RNAi technique. These results are informative for further study in vivo.

Abstract:Aim To identify the characteristic of unstable atherosclerotic plaques in acute coronary syndrome with intravascular ultrasound (IVUS). Methods Thirty-six patients with acute coronary syndrome and twenty patients with stable angina pectoris underwent coronary angiography (CAG) and IVUS examinations respectively. IVUS was used to analyze the qualities of the plaques and then measure the external elastic membrane (EEM) area, lumen area (LA), plaque area (PA) and lumen area narrowing at both the lesion and the reference segments in the same vessel respectively, and lumen eccentricity index and remodeling index were calculated. The characteristic of unstable atherosclerotic plaques were derived by comparing the results of IVUS in the stable and unstable plaques. Results 77.8%(28/36)patients with acute coronary syndrome had soft lipid plaques, ten lesions in ACS patients had plaque rupture and thrombosis; while patients with stable angina pectoris mainly had fibrous and mixed plaques, only 10%(2/20)had soft plaques. There were distinctive difference in eccentric plaques, EEM area, plaque area and lumen area narrowing between the two groups. Positive remodeling pattern was observed in 72.2%(26/36) unstable plaques while 75%(15/20) stable plaques showed negative remodeling. Conclusions IVUS can detect unstable atherosclerotic plaques and predict plaques disruption in early stage of atherosclerosis.

Abstract:Aim To investigate the relationship between G protein β3 subunit gene polymorphism and obesity in hypertensive patients. Methods Polymerase chain reaction combined with restriction enzyme digestion was used to detect the polymorphism of G protein of β3 subunit gene in 147 normotensive controls and 321 hypertensive patients. Body mass index was measured. Serum total cholesterol, triglyceride, high density lipoprotein cholesterol, low density lipoprotein cholesterol, fasting serum glucose were determined in hypertensive patients. Results There were no significant differences of the G protein β3 subunit gene C825T polymorphism genotypes and alleles between hypertensive patients (CC 28.7%, CT 52%, TT 19.3% and C 50.7%, T 49.3%) and normotensive controls (CC 27.2%, CT 46.9%, TT 25.9% and C 50.7%, T 49.3%). Body mass index, total cholesterol, triglyceride, high density lipoprotein cholesterol, low density lipoprotein cholesterol and fasting serum glucose did not differ significantly between CC and CT+TT genotype in hypertensive patients. Conclusion The C825T polymorphism of G protein β3 subunit was not associated with obesity in hypertensive patients.

Abstract:Aim To observe the effect of cigarette smoking on level of serum soluble intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (sICAM-1) and cerebral hemodynamic changes in transient ischemic attack (TIA) patients in order to investigate the mechanisms of cerebral thrombosis. Methods The level of serum sICAM-1 was determined by two-layer antibody sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) in 31 cases of smokers with TIA, 25 cases of non-smokers with TIA, 26 healthy smokers, 28 healthy non-smokers; The cerebral hemodynamic changes were assessed by measuring blood flow velocity in bilateral large arteries with transcranial Doppler (TCD). Results The level of serum sICAM-1 in cases of smokers with TIA was higher than that of non-smokers with TIA (p<0.05) and was much higher than that of healthy non-smokers (p<0.01); The level in healthy smokers was higher than that of healthy non-smokers (p<0.05); The levels in severe smokers and moderate smokers were higher that of mild smokers and healthy non-smokers (p<0.01 and p<0.05); The level of serum sICAM-1 was well correlated with smoking index (r=0.428, p<0.01); The blood flow velocity in bilateral middle cerebral artery (MCA) increased compared with that of before smoking a cigarette (p<0.05). Conclusions Cigarette smoking increased the level of serum sICAM-1 in TIA patients, healthy smokers and the blood flow velocity in MCA.

Abstract:Aim To evaluate the efficacy of amlodipin and enalapril on 24 h ambulatory blood pressure(ABPM) in elderly patients with mild to moderate isolated dystolie hypertension(ISH). Methods Sixty elderly patients whose average age was 64 years old with ISH were randomly divided into two groups and were treated with 5mg/d amlodipine,10mg/d enalapril respectively for 4weeks.The changes of ABPM were compared before and four weeks after treatment. Results (1)After 4 weeks treatment,there were significant differences in lowering systolic blood pressure(SBP), and pulse pressure(PP)in the two groups respectively. The total average systolic and diastolic blood pressure decreased by 17.03±8.55 mm Hg(p<0.001) and 4.83±4.82 mm Hg in the amlodipine group,by 14.30±7.26 mm Hg(p<0.001)and 4.97±2.87 in the enalapril group. 24 h mean blood pressure(MAP) decreased 8.86±4.76 mm Hg(p<0.001) in amlodipine group,decreased 8.74±3.07 mm Hg(p<0.001) in enalapril group.(2)PP was decreased by 16.97±14.06 mm Hg (p<0.001) in the amlodipine group,by 8.33±7.84 mm Hg(p<0.001) in the enalapril group.(3)Both drugs were similarly effective in 76.7% patients and 73.3% patient respectively (P=0.766),and goal blood pressure was achieved in 66.7% patients treated with amlodipin, 56.7% with enalapril (P=0.426).(4)The incidence of drug-related dependent side-effects were 6.67% in the amlodipine group,16.67% in the enalapril group. Conclusion (1)The data show that both amlodipin and enalapril can significantly decrease SBP, MAP and PP. There are no significant difference in lowering blood pressure between two groups.(2)Amlodipin 5mg,and enalapil 10mg once daily is effective and safe in patients with mild to moderate hypertension.

Abstract:Aim To explore the predictive value of cardiac troponin Ⅰ(cTnⅠ) level on prognosis in patients with acute myocardial infarction (AMI)after angioplasty. Methods One hundred and two cases with ST elevation or new branch bond block (LBBB)who underwent consecutive angioplasty were divided into 2 groups: cTnⅠelevated group (64 cases)and cTnⅠnormal group (38 cases)according to the admission cTnⅠlevels. The clinical characteristics were observed and major cardiovascular events (MACE)at follow-up period of a mean 9.5±7.5 months were analysed. Results Compared with those in cTnⅠnormal group, the left ventricular ejection fractions (LVEF) decreased in cTnⅠelevated group (p<0.05); During clinical hospitalization, total rates of MACE (including overall incidences of congestive heart failure, non-fatal myocardial infarction and cardiac death) significantly increased in cTnⅠelevated group (32.8% vs 18.4%, p<0.05); in follow-up period, total rates of MACE (including overall incidences of non-fatal myocardial infarction, revascularization of target vessel and cardiac death) were significantly increased in cTnⅠelevated group (29.7% vs 15.8%, p<0.05). Conclusions cTnⅠlevel on admission was associated with adverse prognosis of short and long term in patients with AMI and is an independent predictor for total rates of MACE.

Abstract:Aim Transforming growth factor β1 (TGF β1) and hyperlipidemia are involved in the pathogenesis of chronic allograft nephropathy (CAN) and atherosclerosis post renal transplantation. In this study, the mRNA expressions of TGF β1 and its receptor TGF β R3 were measured to investigate the mRAN expressions of MCP-1 and CCR2 in peripheral blood monocyte cells of renal transplant recipients and the influence by Simvastatin treatment. Methods Sixty recipients were selected from 167 renal transplant recipients and divided into group without hyperlipidemia (n=30) and hyperlipidemia group (n=30). Control group consists of 30 healthy volunteers. The patients with hyperlipidemia were treated with Simvastatin for 3 months. The mRNA expressions of TGF β1 and TGF β R3 were detected with reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Results The serum lipid levels and the mRNA expression of TGF β1 and TGF β R3 in renal transplant recipients were significantly higher than that in controls. The mRNA expression of TGF β1 and TGF β R3 in patients with hyperlipidemia were more significantly higher than that in the patients without hyperlipodemia (P=0.000), and the serum lipid levels and the mRNA expression of TGF β1 and TGF β R3 decreased gradually at 1.5 months and 3 months after treated with Simvastatin. Conclusions Hyperlipidmia in renal transplantrecipients might result in upregulated mRNA expression of TGF β1 and TGF β R3 in renal transplant recipients, Simvastatin treatment may decrease the serum lipid levels and the mRNA expression of TGF β1 and TGF β R3 in peripheral mononuclear cells, and it may be one of the important mechanism to prevent CAN and atherosclerosis in renal recipients with hyperlipidemia.

Abstract:Aim To compare the expression of matrix metalloproteinase-2(MMP-2)and MMP-9 in atherosclerotic plaques of diabetic and non-diabetic patients and to investigate the potential role of MMP-2 and MMP-9 expression in unstabilizing plaques of diabetic patients. Methods Specimens of arteries were obtained from 23 diabetic patients and from 17 autopsy cases with acute coronary syndromes. 126 tissue blocks of late-stage lesions were classified into diabetic group (n=74)and non-diabetic group (n=52). Forty blocks were selected randomly from each group and serial sections were stained immunohistochemically with anti-human MMP-2 and MMP-9 monoclonal antibody. Microscope Image Analyzer was used for relatively quantitative analysis. Results In the diabetic arteries, intense staining was shown around the plaque core, especially in the plaque shoulder and thinned fibrous cap. MMP-2 integrated optical density(IOD) of diabetic group (69 014±14 459) was strikingly higher than that of the non-diabetic group (57 004±16 171). Threshold area of MMP-2 was significantly elevated (p<0.05) in samples from diabetic group (13.0%±2.7%) compared with samples from non-diabetic group with atherosclerosis (11.1%± 3.3% ). IOD of MMP-9 was also significantly higher (p<0.01) in diabetic group (102 485±20 431) than in the non-diabetic group (75 280±13 106). Conclusion The expression of MMP-2 and MMP-9 in atherosclerotic plaques of diabetic group is significantly higher than that of non-diabetic group. MMP-2 and MMP-9 accumulation, which play an important role in unstabilizing plaques, may promote atherosclerotic plaque disruption in diabetic patients.

Abstract:Aim To detect the secretion of different adipose tissue and observe the effect of angiotensin Ⅱ and statin on release of interleukin-6(IL-6) and type-Ⅰ-plasminogen-activator-inhibitor(PAI-1) from human adipose tissue. Methods The human omental and subcutanoems adipose tissues were cultured. The concentration of IL-6 and PAI-1 in media were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay(ELISA). Results IL-6 released from omental adipose tissue (1 653±339 pg/g tissue) was higher than that from subcutaneous adipose tissue (1 163±733 pg/g tissue, p<0.01), PAI-1 released from omental adipose tissue (100±30 ng/g tissue) is higher than that from subcutaneous adipose tissue (68±14 ng/g tissue, p<0.01) too. IL-6 released from omental and subcutaneous adipose tissue was postively associated with BMI. (r=0.85, 0.69, respectively, both p<0.01). PAI-1 released from omental and subcutaneous adipose tissue is postively associated with BMI (r=0.63, 0.67 respectively, both p<0.01). Angiotensin increased the release of IL-6 from omental and subcutaneous tissue by 19% and 18%, and that of PAI-1 by 15% and 14%, respectively. Atorvastatin suppressed IL-6 release from omental and subtaneouse adipose tissue by 25% and 21%, and suppressed PAI-1 release from omental and subcutaneous adipose tissue by 17% and 16% respectively. Conclusions Adipose tissue can secrete some kinds of cytokine and substances which are associated with obesity. The effect can be stimulated by angiotension and suppressed by atorvastatin.

Abstract:Aim To investigate the value of magnetic resonance imaging in the diagnosis and evaluation of aortic dissection. Methods 19 patients with aortic dissection diagnosed by using spin echo and gradient echo sequences of magnetic resonance were studied. We have discussed the diagnostic value of different sequences and positions of magnetic resonance for visualizing the intimate flap,the site of tear,origins of aortic branches and differentiating the true lumen from the false. Results Among these 19 patients with aortic dissection, 17 cases showed the intimate flap. 13 cases showed the entry tear and were classified into DeBakey typeⅠ, Ⅱ and Ⅲ in 2, 2 and 9. Conclusion Although magnetic resonance imaging has some limitations,it is the first choice for the diagnosis of aortic dissection,and is significant for the management of aortic dissection.

Abstract:Aim To investigate heart rate variability (HRV) and its circadian rhythms in coronary heart disease patients with chronic congestive heart failure (CHF),and to evaluate the relationship between cardiac function and the functional lesion of autonomic nerve. Methods HRV parameters were obtained from 24 h ambulatory electrocardiogram recording. 24 h HRV in time domain and frequency domain indices were compared in 53 coronary heart disease patients with congestive heart failure (CHF),33 coronary heart disease patients with compensated heart function (CVD) and 23 healthy subjects (HS). Day and night HRV in patients with CHF were also studied. Results HRV parameters,except rMSSD,pNN50 and TI, were significantly lower in CVD than in HS (p<0.05). Time domain indices of HRV were also significantly lower in CHF than in HS (p<0.01) and in CVD (p<0.05), but there was no difference between day and night HRV frequency domain indices in patients with CHF (p>0.05). These time domain indices were markedly lower in patients with class Ⅲ-Ⅳ cardiac function than in those with classⅡcardiac function (p<0.05). Conclusion Imbalance of the autonomic nervous system were associated with coronary heart disease with compensated heart function. Sympathetic hyperactivity, lower tonic vagal activity and loss of circadian rhythms in CHF correlated with disease severity. Indices of HRV can be regarded as one of markers of prognosis in coronary heart disease patients with CHF.

Abstract:Aim To investigate the relation of Helicobacter pylori (HP) infection and coronary heart disease (CHD). Methods HPIgG was measured in total 101 cases of CHD and 53 healthy subjects. Interleukin-6 (ELISA) and endothelin-1 (RIA) and total cholesterol (TC), triglyceride (TG), apolipoprotein A (ApoA), apolipoprotein B(ApoB), high density lipoprotein (HDL), low density lipoprotein(LDL), were measured in 101 cases of CHD. Results The rate of seropositive for HPIgG in CHD patients is significantly higher than that of controls(45.5% vs 28.3%,p<0.05), the level of plasma endothelin-1 in these of HPIgG seropositivity is higher than that of HP seronegativity (p<0.05) and there was no correlation between chronic HP infection and essential hypertension, diabetes mellitus, tobacco use, age, gender, alcohol consumption and family history. Conclusion Chronic HP infection may be associated with CHD. Chronic HP infection may act through changing endothelin function, which contribut to the pathogenesis of CHD.

Abstract:Aim To assess the impact of right coronary artery (RCA) lesion on left ventricular ejection fraction(LVEF) in patients with left coronary artery (LCA) stenosis. Methods 1 000 cases with LCA stenosis were confirmed by coronary angiography. LVEF was compared between the group with isolated LCA stenosis and the group with both LCA and RCA stenosis. The group with isolated LCA stenosis included left anterior descending branch (LAD) stenosis, left circumflex branch (LCX) stenosis, left main artery (LM) stenosis and LAD+LCX stenosis. Results Compared with the accordant group with isolated LCA stenosis, LVEF decreased to different extent in every group with RCA stenosis. The changes in LAD+RCA group and LAD+LCX+RCA group were statistically significant (p<0.05 or 0.01). LVEF in LM+RCA group showed the greatest decrease, while in LCX+RCA group showed the slightest decrease without statistical significance. Conclusions RCA stenosis aggravates the left ventricular systolic function in patients with LCA stenosis, especially when the LCA lesion is located in LM or LAD or LAD+LCX.

Abstract:Aim To elucidate the relationship of Taq IB polymorphism in the cholesteryl ester transfer protein (CETP) gene and coronary artery disease(CHD). Methods Taq IB polymorphism in the cholesteryl ester transfer protein gene was analysed in 88 patients and 94 controls. The polymorphism was determined by polymerase chain reaction(PCR)-restriction fragment length polymorphism(RFLP) using genomic DNA from anti-coagulantion blood. χ 2 test and Logistic regression analysis were used. Results There are no defferences in both alle frequency and genotype distribution of cholesteryl ester transfer protein gene between patients and control groups. Conclusion The Taq IB polymorphism in the cholesteryl ester transfer protein gene doesn't contribute to coronary artery disease.

Abstract:Aim To determine if an association exists between restenosis after percutaneous coronary intervention and heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1). A dinucleotide (guanosine thymidine, GT) repeat in the promotor region of the HO-1 gene shows a polymorphism that modulates the level of gene transcription. Methods This retrospective study included 118 patients of the Han nationality (92 men; mean age 62.3 years, standard deviation 9.8) who underwent successful stent implantation. Patency follow-up was evaluated using angiography. The length of GT repeat was confirmed using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification and electrophoresis. Selected samples were sequenced by means of Sanger's method. The association of patency and the length of GT repeat in the HO-1 gene promotor was assessed in univariate and multivariate analyses. Results In-stent restenosis was found in 68 (58%)out of 118 patients. Patients with short (<25GT) dinucleotide repeats in the HO-1 gene promotor on either allele had restenosis significantly less often than patients without short dinucleatide repeat (47.5% vs 68.4%,p< 0.05 ). Multivariate analysis revealed a significantly similar result after controlling certain possible confounding factors (odd ratio 0.406, 95%CI 0.185 ～0.891, p<0.05). Conclusions In this patient population, short GT repeat alleles of the HO-1 gene promotor polymorphism were associated with reduced post-PCI restenosis.

Abstract:Aim To explore the sensitivity and specificity of transcranial Doppler to detect mild stenosis of extracranial internal carotid artery. Methods The flow velocity and pulsatility index were measured with transcranial Doppler in 110 patients with mild stenosis (<50%) of extracranial internal carotid artery. Results Transcranial Doppler had sensitivity of 88.3% (mean flow velocity) and 92.6% (systolic peak flow velocity) with specificity of 97.3% to detect the mild stenosis of carotid artery. The length and thickness of atherosclerotic plaque were closely correlated with the flow velocities (r=0.34, p<0.05 and r=0.48,p<0.01). The flow velocity was higher in patients with 21%～49% stenotic area than those with <20% stenotic area, but statistical analysis did not discriminate (p>0.05). Conclusions Transcranial Doppler might be of some significance in determining the atherosclerotic plaque and mild stenosis of carotid artery.

Abstract:Aim To study the effects of chronic infection of microorganism on bypass vessels. Methods To detect C pneumoniae (CP), H.Pylori (HP), and cytomegalovirus (CMV) in great saphenous vein, internal mammary artery and radial artery by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Results Venosclerosis rate in great saphenous vein is 69.6%, arteriosclerosis rate in internal mammary artery and radial artery are 65.0% and 73.3%, respectively. They are not different in statistics(χ 2=0.397,P=0.82); positive rates of CP, HP, CMV in great saphenous vein are 13.0%, 8.7% and 0.0%, in internal mammary artery are 25.0%, 35.0% and 0.0%, and in radial artery are 26.7%, 23.3% and 16.7%; positive rates of CP, HP, CMV in radialartery are higher than in great saphenous vein (p<0.05, respectively), HP in internal mammary artery is higher than in great saphenous vein (p<0.05). Conclusions Degrees of arteriosclerosis are not different among great saphenous vein, internal mammary artery and radial, we had beter to choose great saphenous vein in CABG, and then internal mammary artery or radial artery from infection of microorganism.

Abstract:Aim To observe the effects of Tongxingluo on serum soluble intercellular adhesion molecules (sICAM)-1 and soluble vascular cellular adhesion molecules (sVCAM)-1 in patients with unstable angina pectoris (UAP). Methods T2 cases were divided randomly into tre tment group and control group. Before and 1 month after treatment,serum sICAM-1 and sVCAM-1 content were measured with ELISA. Results Tongxinluo tretment group serum sICAM-1 and sVCAM-1 content were lower than that of control group. Conclusion Tongxinlo could decrease serum sICAM-1 and sVCAM-1 content in patients with UAP.

Abstract:Aim To understand the relationship of interleukin-6-gene 174G/C polymorphism and insulin resistance in Han people in south China. Methods Interleukin-6-gene 174G/C polymorphism were detected in 69 patients with high insulin resistance index and 69 control with low insulin resistance index by polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism analytical method, meanwhile, combined with blood pressure, plasma glucose, blood fat, et al to undertake cross-sectional study. Results In Han people in south China, interleukin-6-gene 174G/C polymorphism main was G/G homogenotype and distribution frequency was 136/138 (98.55%), G/C hetrogenotype distribution frequency was 2/138(1.45%), C/C mutant genotype had not been found. There was no relationship between the kinds of genotype and insulin resistance index. Conclusion Maybe there is no relationship between interleukin-6-gene 174G/C polymorphism and insulin resistance in Han people in south China.