Abstract:Aim To assess the effect of acetylcholine(Ach) and its antagonist methyllycaconitine(MLA) on murine preadipocytes. Methods MTT was used for the proliferation ability examination.ELISA was used for IL-6 and IL-10.Western blotting was used for NF-κB p65 protein in nucleus. Results Ach could promote preadipocytes proliferation,with 122.0%±11.4% compared to control after stimulation for 12 h,and MLA could block its effect.Ach could induce preadipocytes secret IL-6 and reach its peak at 6 h,significantly higher than that of control group(P><0.05).Ach could decrease IL-10 concentration.MLA had little effect on cytokines secretion.Ach could increase the level of NF-κB p65 in nucleus,with the highest level at 6 h.MLA couldn't block its effect. Conclusion Ach could activate preadipocytes through promoting NF-κB p65 protein translocation.MLA couldn't antagonize its action,suggesting that ɑ7 n Ach receptor,which is the major receptor through which Ach exerts its anti-inflammation effect,didn't play an important role in the process.

Abstract:Aim To investigate the protective effects of astragaloside Ⅳ on high glucose induced cardiomyocyte hypertrophy in neonatal rats. Methods Myocardial cells of neonatal rats were cultured in vitro,the hypertrophic myocytes were induced by 25 mmol/L high glucose(HG).Cultured neonatal rats' cardiomyocytes were divided into normal group,HG group,HG+16 μmol/L astragaloside Ⅳ,HG+32 μmol/L astragaloside Ⅳ,HG+64 μmol/L astragaloside Ⅳ,48 h later,total protein content was assayed by Lowry method.The cardiomyocyte volume was measured by computer photogragh analysis system.The cardiomyocyte viability was analysed by MTT assay.i transient was measured by Till image system and by cell-loading Fura-2/AM. Results Compared with normal control group,HG increased the total protein content,cardiomyocoytes size,i transient by 35.7%,81.3%,62.5% and decreased the cardiomyocyte viability by 36.1%.Compared with HG group,astragaloside Ⅳ 16 μmol/L reduced the total protein content,cardiomyocoytes size,i transient by 20.3%,10.6%,8.0% and cardiomyocyte viability was inceased by 20.0%.There was dose-dependent relationship. Conclusion astragaloside Ⅳ could protect cardiomyocyte hypertrophy in glucose-induced rats.

Abstract:Aim To investigate the potential impact of homocysteine(Hcy) on the expression of insulin-like growth factor-2(IGF-2) and H19 in vascular smooth muscle cells(VSMC),analyze its possible correlation with the proliferation of VSMC and its role in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis(As). Methods Cultured human umbilical VSMC were divided into 0,50,100,200,500,1000 μmol/L Hcy group,and the 0 μmol/L Hcy group was the control.After the VSMC were treated with different concentrations of Hcy for 48 h,the cell viability was detected by MTT,the mRNA levels of H19 and IGF-2 were determined by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction,and the protein expression of IGF-2 by Western Blotting. Results Compared with the 0 μmol/L Hcy groups,the viability of VSMC was increased in the Hcy groups,especially in 500 and 1000 μmol/L Hcy groups(P><0.05).The H19 expression of VSMC in Hcy groups was increased,and its levels in the 500 and 1000 μmol/L group(0.548 6±0.063 3 and 0.733 3±0.049 6)were significantly higher than that in the 0 μmol/L Hcy group(0.202 2±0.012 4)(P><0.05),while the IGF-2 mRNA and protein was down-expressed,which were also more significant in the 500 and 1 000 μmol/L group(mRNA: 0.258 8±0.024 8 and 0.168 9±0.069 6 vs 0.515 8±0.018 9,P><0.05;protein: 0.116 7± 0.015 5 and 0.083 7±0.018 0 vs 0.244 3±0.042 3,P><0.05). Conclusion Hcy harassesd the imprinting expression of IGF-2 and H19 in the VSMC.The expression of H19 was increased and that of IGF-2 decreased.The aberrant expression of IGF-2 and H19 possibly induced the proliferation of VSMC.

Abstract:Aim To investigate the effects of niacin on the atherosclerotic plaques formation and MK2 mRNA expression of aorta. Methods 16 New Zealand white rabbits were fed with high-fat diet for 8 weeks,and then were randomly divided into two groups: hyperlipidemia group(n=8) which maintained high-fat diet for 6 weeks,niacin treatment group(n=8) which maintained high-fat diet supplemented with niacin(200 mg/(kg · d))for 6 weeks.Control rabbits(n=8) were fed with normal diet for 14 weeks.At the end of the study,all rabbits were sacrificed to detect the histopathological changes and MK2 mRNA expression of the aortas. Results Rabbits fed with high-fat diet showed higher serum levels of total cholesterol and low density lipoprotein cholesterol(LDLC),more aorta endometrial thickness,plaque area and MK2 mRNA expression(all P><0.01).Compared with hyperlipidemia group,rabbits treated with niacin showed less serum levels of total cholesterol and LDLC,less aorta endometrial thickness,plaque area and MK2 mRNA expression(all P><0.01).MK2 mRNA expression was positively correlated with atherosclerotic plaque area(r=0.82,P><0.01) and endometrial thickness(r=0.863,P><0.01). Conclusion Niacin's role of anti-atherosclerosis is not only due to its lipid-lowering effect,but also may be related to its MK2 mRNA-lowering effect.

Abstract:Aim To investigate the effect of different concentrations of adiponectin on ischemia-reperfusion myocardium and oxidative stress in rats,and their dose-effect relationship. Methods Eighty healthy Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into five groups: sham-operated group,ischemia-reperfusion group(I/R),low,middle and high concentrations of adiponectin(60,120,180 ng/g) group,with 16 rats for each group.Sham group were suffered with sham operation.I/R group were undergone the left anterior descending branch of coronary artery ischemia for 45 min and reperfused for 180 min fusion.Rats in different adiponectin groups were infused with adiponectin for 30 min before ischemia-reperfusion.Then the rats in each group were then randomly divided into two sub-groups,eight rats in sub-group 1 and eight in sub-group 2.After reperfusion,the infarct size was determined by using Evans blue and TTC double dye staining in sub-group 1.In group 2 the left ventricular developed pressure(LVDP),±dp/dtmax were recorded at the end of reperfusion.At the end of experiment,the activities of total nitric oxide synthase(tNOS) and nitric oxide(NO)in the myocardium and superoxide dismutase(SOD) activity of serum were examined. Results Compared with sham-operated group,the level of tNOS and NO in the myocardium and serum SOD was downregulated in I/R group,whereas the cardiac infarct size was increased.The infarct size was reduced in different adiponectin groups compared with I/R group,while the levels of SOD,tNOS and NO were significantly increased with a dose-dependent improvement of ischemia/reperfusion-induced myocardial,contractile dysfunction was improved dose-dependently. Conclusion Adiponecin may protect hearts from ischemia-reperfusion injury in rats by reducing cardiac infarct size and improving myocardial contractile dysfunction.The molecular mechanism may involve preservation of tNOS,NO and SOD in serum and myocardial tissue,and protect myocardium from ischemia-reperfusion-induced oxidative stress.

Abstract:Aim To investigate angiotensin Ⅱ(AngⅡ) influence extracellular matrix metalloproteinase inducer(EMMPRIN) expression in aortic atherosclerotic plaques in apolipoprotein E knock-out mice. Methods ApoE-/-mice were fed with a western diet for atherosclerosis model,interfered with AngⅡ.EMMPRIN gene and its protein were measured by RT-PCR,Western blotting and immunohistochemisty. Results EMMRPIN positive expression significantly increased in Ang Ⅱ intervention group compared with the control group in atherosclerotic plaque,EMMRPIN gene and protein expression significantly increased in Ang Ⅱ intervention group compared with the control group in atherosclerotic plaque. Conclusion Angiotensin Ⅱ can induce EMMPRIN expression in aortic atherosclerotic plaque.

Abstract:Aim To investigate the expression discipline of Survivin after perifocal areas of cerebra after ischemia-reperfusion(I/R) in rats,and to identify the effect of ifenprodil on Survivin after I/R. Methods Seventy-two Wistar rats were randomly divided into sham group,model group and ifenprodil group.The right middle cerebral artery occlusion reperfusion(MCAO/R) model was established by thread ligation.After operation in sham group,2 hours ischemia of middle cerebral artery was followed with 3 hours,24 hours,72 hours and 7days reperfusion in model group and ifenprodil group.Rats were sacrificed and Survivin in hippocampus of ischemia side was detected by immunofluorescence. Results Fluorescence intensity of the sham group was very weak,showing the basal expression;while fluorescence intensity of model group and ifenprodil group had almost the same trend,which expression rose 3 hours after I/R,increased continuously and reached the peak at 72 hours,and then decreased afterward,and there were significant differences compared with the sham group(P><0.05).Fluorescence intensity of ifenprodil group were stronger than the model group at the same time point(P><0.05). Conclusion Expression of Survivin increased after MCAO/R,reaching the maximum at 72 hours.Ifenprodil had a protective effect on the damage of I/R.

Abstract:Aim To construct vein grafts restenosis model in the C57BL/6 mouse to mimic graft restenosis after coronary artery bypass grafting. Methods Under anesthesia,the inferior Vena cava in mice was harvested and grafted into the carotid artery in "non-suturing sleeve pattern" with a cuff or in interrupted stich.Patency of grafts was evaluated respectively.Animals were sacrificed at the 1 week,2 weeks,4 weeks and 6 weeks postoperation,and the grafted tissue fragments were stained with HE and immunohistochemically. Results In the experimental group 1 mouse died due to overdosage of pentobarbital,all grafts were patent without distortion and leakage immediately after procedure and 2 grafts failed due to thrombosis,the average operation time was 46.0±10.6 min.In the control group 2 mice died from hemorrhage immediately after procedure,2 grafts failed due to thrombosis,the average operation time was 68.0±12.4 min.Vessel wall thickening was observed and progressed gradually at the time of harvest,which resulted in growing narrow of graft lumen.Histological analysis demonstrated varying degrees of neointimal hyperplasia and inflammatory cells. Conclusion The inferior Vena cava vein graft model established by using sleeving,which is more efficient and less leaky with higher graft patency when compared to interrupted stich,may be an ideal model for further study on the prevention of vein intimal hyperplasia after bypass grafting.

Abstract:Aim To investigate the effect of serum of obese people on the formation process of inflammatory factor secreted by THP-1 cell line,meanwhile,to inquire the role of TLR4/NF-κB signaling pathway on proinflammatory effect of the serum of obesity. Methods THP-1 cell line was cultured from the serum of volunteers with varying degrees of metabolic disorders(4 groups in total,normal people,simple obesity,obesity with hyperglycemia,obesity with hyperglycemia combining hypertension and hyperlipidemia,15 cases of each group) for 48 h and then TLR4/NF-κB signaling pathway is blocked by TLR4 monoclonal antibody.We observed the TLR4 mRNA and protein content on cell surface,the level of NF-κB p65 phosphorylation in THP-1 cell line and IL-1β and TNF-α expression in culture supernatant.TLR4 protein content and the level of NF-κB p65 phosphorylation were measured by Western blotting,TLR4 mRNA was measured by RT-Q-PCR,the expression of IL-1β and TNF-α were detected by ELISA. Results Compared with normal group,The TLR4 mRNA and protein content,the level of NF-κB p65 phosphorylation in THP-1 cell line and IL-1 and TNF-α expression in culture supernatant cultured by the serum from the simple obesity,obesity with metabolic disorders increase,in which the TLR4 mRNA and protein content,the level of NF-κB p65 phosphorylation,the IL-1 and TNF-α expression increased with component of metabolic disorders.While TLR4 was blocked by TLR4 monoclonal antibody,the ability of secreting IL-1 and TNF-α reduced. Conclusion The serum of simple obesity and obesity with varying degrees of metabolic disorders can induce the activation of TLR4/NF-κB signaling pathway on THP-1 cell line.TLR4/NF-κB signaling pathway plays an important part in proinflammatory effect of the serum of obese people.

Abstract:Aim To explore the relationship of serum leptin,adiponectin concentrations and adiponectin-to-leptin ratio(A/L) to coronary lesion in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitius. Methods Serum levels of adiponectin and leptin in 180 patients with type 2 diabetes mellitius were measured by specific monoclonal antibody-based amplified ELISA.Coronary lesion was measured by using coronary angiography.The patients with type 2 diabetes mellitius were divided into coronary heart disease group(coronary artery stenosis in a major blood vessel was more than 50%,n=94) and control group(coronary artery stenosis in a major blood vessel was less than 25%,n=86).Coronary heart disease group was subdivided into single-vessel disease group(n=31),double-vessel disease group(n=31) and multi-vessel disease group(n=32).Then,the correlation between risk factors for coronary heart disease and A/L or homeostasis assessment for insulin resistance(HOMA-IR) was analyzed. Results Age,gender composition ratio,blood pressure,blood sugar and body mass index(BMI) were matched in two groups.Serum levels of total cholesterol,C-reactive protein(CRP) and fibrinogen in coronary heart disease group were significantly higher than those of the control group.Serum levels of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol(HDLC),adiponectin and A/L in coronary heart disease group were significantly lower than those of the control group.Correlation analysis showed that age,fibrinogen and CRP were positively associated with coronary lesion and that adiponectin and A/L were negatively associated with coronary lesion.After calibration of BMI,there was also a negative correlation between severity of coronary artery stenosis and A/L(r=-0.541).This relationship remained in multivariate Logistic regression analysis.A/L became smaller with the increase in the number of coronary lesions branches(2.10 vs 1.37 vs 0.72),with a significant difference in the three groups.The hierarchical results showed that A/L ratio was significantly correlated with BMI,blood pressure,blood sugar,triglycerides,HDLC,CRP and fibrinogen in coronary heart disease group,and significant correlation of these parameters except HOMA-IR with A/L ratio still existed as degree of coronary lesion was gradually increased. Conclusion A/L is in relation to the formation of atherosclerosis and may serve as atherosclerosis index.A/L is also effective as a parameter of insulin resistance to coronary artery disease as compared with adiponectin,leptin,or HOMA-IR alone in patients with type 2 diabetes.

Abstract:Aim To investigate the relationship between serum paraoxonase-1(PON-1) and oxidative stress in elderly patients with cerebral infarction and their roles in atherosclerosis. Methods By DSA examination,72 elderly patients with cerebral infarction combined carotid artery atherosclerosis were involved in the study.The light stenosis was seen in 33 cases,the middle stenosis was seen in 24 cases,the heavy stenosis was seen in 15 cases.38 healthy people without cerebrovascular disease were adopted as control group.The activity of serum PON-1 was determined by spectrophotometer.The levels of serum superoxide dismutase(SOD) were detected by xanthine oxidase methods.The levels of serum malondial dehyde(MDA) were detected by thiobarbituric acid reactive substance.We have analyzed correlation between PON-1,SOD and MDA. Results The activity of serum PON-1 and the levels of serum SOD in the cerebral infarction group were significantly lower than those in the control group(95.62±18.26 ku/L vs 168.36±27.82 ku/L,69.59±10.56 ku/L vs 98.34±13.42 ku/L,P><0.01),while the levels of serum MDA in the cerebral infarction group were significantly higher than those in the control group(24.46±5.68 nmol/L vs 15.64±8.26 nmol/L,P><0.01).There were significant differences in the activity of serum PON-1(112.48±19.32 ku/L vs 98.64±10.84 ku/L vs 81.95±13.42 ku/L),the levels of serum SOD(80.62±13.26 ku/L vs 70.26±14.09 ku/L vs 58.82±10.06 ku/L) and MDA(19.52±8.48 nmol/L vs 23.56±9.81 nmol/L vs 27.28±9.89 nmol/L) in the light,middle,heavy stenosis groups(P><0.01).The activity of serum PON-1 and the levels of serum SOD in cerebral infarction group decreased with the progression of carotid artery stenosis,while the levels of serum MDA increased with the progression of carotid artery stenosis.The correlation analysis results showed that there was positive correlation between the activity of PON-1and levels of SOD(r=0.628,P><0.01),while there was negative correlation between the activity of PON-1 and levels of MDA(r=-0.541,P><0.01) in cerebral infarction groups. Conclusion The activity of PON-1 was significantly decreased,while oxidative stress was increased in elderly patients with cerebral infarction.The complicated interaction between oxidative stress and PON-1 may result in occurrence and development of atherosclerosis.

Abstract:Aim To explore the correlation between subtype of OCSP and carotid artery atherosclerosis in patients with acute cerebral infarction. Methods 146 patients with acute cerebral infarction were classified into 4 major ischemic stroke subtypes based on OCSP criteria and carotid artery were detected by color doppler of ultrasound.The relationship between them was analyzed. Results The percentage of each acute cerebral infarction OCSP subtypes of patients was as following: PACI 43.1%,LACI 39.0%,POCI 11.6%,TACI 6.3%;of all the patients,the 70.5% had carotid artery with plaque.In the TACI+PACI group,55.3% were detected with plaques;the mean plaques were 3.26±1.87,33.3% were detected with more than four carotid plaques and 46.9% were detected with unstable plaques,which were significantly higher than those in other two groups(P><0.05),whereas,there was no difference between LACI group and POCI group(P>0.05). Conclusion There is strong correlation between PACI and TACI and carotid atherosclerotic artery plaque,plaque stability and number.Actions should be taken to patients with carotid artery plaque detected by color doppler ultrasound.

Abstract:Aim To explore the clinical factors about orthostatic hypotension in patients with type 2 diabetes. Methods Blood pressure of resting and standing within 10 minutes were taken per minute in 168 patients with type 2 diabetes. Results Comparing with the non-orthostatic hypotension group,the orthostatic hypotension group was older.The supine systolic blood pressure,the level of GHbA1C and the rate of hypertension was higher.Logistic regression analysis indicated that the incidence of orthostatic hypotension are associated with age,supine systolic blood pressure,GHbA1C levels and hypertension. Conclusion The blood pressure and glycemic control in hypertensive patients with type 2 diabetes should be managed reasonably so as to reduce the incidence of orthostatic hypotension.

Abstract:Aim To analyze factors that affected the coronary stent image quality of 64-slice spiral computed tomograghy. Methods 116 patients who received 64-slice spiral computed tomograghy after coronary drug-eluting metal stent implantation from 2007 to 2010 were selected.Those stents image were assessed by semi-quantitive method.Whether stent diameter,stent length,stent material,stent number and calcification status affected the stent image quality were analyzed. Results The sensitivity,specificity,positive predictive value,negative predictive value of 64-slice spiral computed tomograghy to detect significant in-stent restenosis were 85.7%,90.2%,60.0%,97.4%,respectively.Image quality of stents with diameters of >2.75 mm was better than stents with diameter of < or =2.75 mm(P><0.001).Image quality of stents which located on noncalcified plaque were better than stents which located on calcified plaque(P><0.05).Stent length,stent material,stent number did not affect the stent image quality of computed tomograghy. Conclusion 64-slice spiral computed tomograghy had ability to assess the cornary stent after implantation.64-slice spiral computed tomograghy was more suitable for assessing stents with diameters of > 2.75 mm and stents which located on noncalcified plaque.

Abstract:Aim To investigate the curative effect of tanshinone ⅡA united with simvastatin and diuretic treating the legs atheromatosis with groin lymphadenectasis and oedema legs. Methods 42 patients which had lymphadenectasis and oedema caused by atherosclerosis were collected.The total patients were assigned to two groups.The treatment group was cured by tanshinone ⅡA united with simvastatin and diuretic;the control group was cured by simvastatin united with diuretic;the course of treatment was 15 days.Each group's curative effect was evaluated. Results The treatment group's total effective rate was 95.24%,the control group's total effective rate was 10.53%.The difference was notable. Conclusion Tanshinone ⅡA was more effective to preventing and treating atherosclerosis oedema legs,and the side effect was little.

Abstract:Aim To observe the effect of edaravone on serum NO,NOS and SOD in patients with cerebral infarction. Methods 160 cases with cerebral infarction were randomly divided into edaravone treatment group(treatment group) and conventional treatment group(control group),80 cases in each group.NO,NOS,MDA and SOD were measured before and after treatment for 7 d and 14 d. Results Control group's NO,NOS and MDA had no obvious change before and after treatment.The results after treated for 7 d were lower than before treatment,but higher than after treated for 14 d.Treatment group's NO,NOS and MDA were lower than control group's(P><0.05).Treatment group's SOD was gradually increased and obviously higher than control group's(P><0.05). Conclusion Edaravone has certain protective effect on cerebral infarction patients by decreasing their serum NO,NOS and MDA and increasing SOD activity.

Abstract:Aim To observe the relationship between peripheral arterial disease(PAD) and osteoporosis in elderly men. Methods 222 patients of aged men were recruited in the study(mean age 76.65±9.48 years).The patients were divided into PAD group(ankle-brachial index(ABI)<0.9) and non PAD group(ABI≥0.9).The data include ABI,bone mineral density(BMD) of spine and femur total cholesterol(TC),triglyceride(TG),high density lipoprotein cholesterol(HDLC),low density lipoprotein cholesterol(LDLC) and other indicators of more general information were collected,and the difference and relationship of two groups were compared. Results Significant differences were not found in ABI,BMD and other data except age between the two groups.There was significant correlation between hip ABI and BMD(r=0.254,0.208,0.247,P><0.01).Furthermore,the Pearson bivariate correlations results showed,the ABI,BMD were positively correlated with height,weight,diastolic blood presses(DBP),LDLC(P><0.01) and negatively correlated with age(P><0.01). Conclusion There may be some common risk factors between peripheral arterial disease and osteoporosis in aged men.

Abstract:Aim To investigate the optimal time and mode of termination of pregnancy for patients with hemolysis,elevated liver enzymes and low platelet syndrome(HELLP syndrome). Methods The data of 47 cases with HELLP syndrome were retrospectively analyzed.According to the length from the diagnosis-confirmed time to the time of delivery,the patients were divided into 2 groups: groupⅠwith 48 hours,groupⅡover 48 hours.The blood test,clinical presentations,maternal-neonatal complications and outcomes were compared between the two groups. Results The incidence of placental abruption,acute renal failure,heart failure,DIC was 38.9%,33.3%,27.8%,27.8% respectively in groupⅡ,significantly higher than those in groupⅠ(P><0.05),significant difference was found in neonatal respiratory distress syndrome(NRDS),neonatal asphyxia and perinatal mortality rate between the two groups(10.4% vs 33.3%,10.4% vs 44.4%,10.4% vs 33.3%(P><0.05). Conclusion HELLP syndrome is serious to both mother and fetus.The cases for expectant treatment should be strictly selected based on the conditions of mothers and fetus.Cesarean section is the first choice in 48 h after diagnosis.

Abstract:Aim To investigate the changes of urine protein in patients with chronic glomerulonephritis after different doses of irbesartan treatment and find out whether there was a higher efficacy of high dose irbesartan. Methods 32 chronic glomerulonephritis patients were randomly and equally divided into normal dose group(oral irbesartan 0.15 g/d,n=16) and high dose group(oral irbesartan 0.3 g/d,n=16).Eight weeks later,24 h urine protein and serum potassium were measured. Results 24 h urine protein decreased by 40% in normal dose group and 63% in high dose group,while serum potassium had not changed in both groups. Conclusion High dose irbesartan in reducing urine protein in patients with chronic glomerulonephritis would be more marked,and the patient tolerance,from sexual health are good.

Abstract:Aim To investigate whether the myocyte enhancer factor 2(MEF2) gene family was subjected to strong natural selection in different human populations,and reveal its roles in pathogenesis,and simultaneously provide a new vision and a novel entry point for research on the pathogenesis mechanism of cardiovascular diseases. Methods A measure of population differentiation(Fst) was calculated between the Han Chinese(CHB),Europe Caucasion(CEU),Yoruba Nigerian(YRI) and Japanese(JPT) through using the SNP frequency data published by the Human HapMap projects,and phylogenetic analysis was performed. Results Many SNPs in MEF2A gene region were observed with a high Fst(Fst>0.3) between YRI and CHB,YRI and CEU,and YRI and JPT.However,no SNPs with a high Fst were observed between CHB and CEU,CHB and JPT,and CEU and JPT.In MEF2B,MEF2C and MEF2D gene regions,all SNPs except that in MEF2D showed a low Fst between any two populations of CHB,CEU,YRI and JPT.These results suggested that MEF2A gene was subjected strong natural selection during that human migrated worldwide from Africa,and it must have played key roles in the process that human adapted to new environment. Conclusion MEF2A gene must has been subjected to diversifying selection during the divergence of human populations,and the diversity in SNP frequency between different human populations might have been cumulated in the course of adaptation to environment.

Abstract:MicroRNAs comprise a novel class of conserved,small,non-coding RNAs that are mediators of post-transcriptional gene expression.Studies have demonstrated that MicroRNAs are highly expressed in the cardiovascular system and play a significant role in atherosclerosis.MicroRNA126,MicroRNA221/222,MicroRNA92-a are involved in endothelial function and angiogenesis,MicroRNA217 accelerate Endothelial Cell Senescence,MicroRNA221/222,MicroRNA34 modulate endothelial progenitor cells,MicroRNA145/143,MicroRNA221/222 play a significant role in vascular smooth muscle cell Phenotypic modulation,proliferation,and migration.MicroRNA-125a-5p are involved in macrophage inflammatory response to atherogenic lipids.This review introduces some recent development of the relationship between MicroRNA and atherosclerosis.

Abstract:One of pathologic characteristics in atherosclerosis is the accumulation of increased lipid in cells.Macrophages uptake cholesterol by membrane receptor CD36 and SR-A_Ⅰ,and the cellular cholesterol efflux is mediated by SR-BⅠand ABC family.At the same time,various of proteins balance cholesterol via esterification and deesterification to prevent accumulation of cholesterol which may contribute to the formation of foam cell.

Abstract:Hyperhomocysteinemia has been demonstrated to be an independent risk factor of cerebrovascular disease and a new risk factor in the genesis of cognitive impairment.This article reviewed hyperhomocysteinemia in metabolism,influential factors and possible mechanism of action in cognitive disorder.