Abstract:Aim To explore effects of oxidized low density lipoprotein(ox-LDL) and mechanical stretch stress(SS) on activation of extracellular regulated kinase(ERK1/2) in macrophage RAW264.7 cells. Methods The cultured RAW264.7 cells were identified via ink staining.Agarose gel electrophoresis was employed to identify and quantitate ox-LDL which was oxidated from n-LDL with copper sulfate.The identified RAW264.7 cells were subjected to treatment with ox-LDL and SS,respectively or jointly,for different dose/elongation and time duration,and then the phosphorylation of ERK1/2 in the macrophages was detected by Western blotting. Results RAW264.7 cells could phagocytize ink,forming cloudy ink plaque or black particles in cytoplasm.N-LDL could be oxidized into ox-LDL by copper sulfate,since a single lane about ox-LDL could be seen in agarose gel electrophoresis,and the electrophoretic mobility of ox-LDL was higher than that of n-LDL,indicating successful ox-LDL preparation.Ox-LDL and SS could induce ERK1/2 phosphorylation,respectively,in a time and dose dependent manner,and dramatical increase of ERK1/2 phosphorylation was observed when the cells were co-treated with SS and ox-LDL. Conclusions Ox-LDL and SS could induce ERK1/2 phosphorylation,and combined treatment of ox-LDL and SS could synergistically promote ERK1/2 phosphorylation in macrophages.This study could provide useful information for exploring the roles of macrophages and its mechanism in hypertension-related atherosclerosis.

Abstract:Aim To select the functional domain of Daxx which can interact with androgen receptor(AR). Methods Four functional domains of Daxx were amplified by polymerase chain reaction(PCR) and subcloned to a prokaryotic expression vector(pGEX-6p-1) respectively.The recombinant DNA fragments were identified by DNA sequencing.All recombinant vectors were stably transformed into E Coli.BL21DE3 and induced by IPTG.Four recombinant peptides were detected to interact with AR by using GST pull-down in vitro,respectively. Results The results of pGEX-6p-1/Daxx/DM1-240,pGEX-6p-1/Daxx/DM241-501,pGEX-6p-1/Daxx/DM502-625 and pGEX-6p-1/Daxx/DM626-740 from DNA sequencing indicates that there is no reading frame shifts and mutations in recombinant.The protein expressed from pGEX-6p-1/Daxx/DM626-740 can interact with AR by using GST pull-down in vitro. Conclusion The 626th to 740th in amino acid of Daxx can combine AR.

Abstract:Aim To investigate the effect of angiotesinⅡ(AngⅡ) on the expression of niemann-pick protein C1(NPC1) in THP-1 macrophages,and also explore the effect on the rate of cholesterol effluent. Methods Macrophages were converted from THP-1 monocytes induced by phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate(PMA) for 48 h,and then they were treated by AngⅡ at different concentrations.The expression of NPC1 mRNA and protein was determined by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction(RT-PCR)and Western Blotting respectively. Cholesterol effluent was measured by liquid scintillator. Results Compared with the control group,the expression of NPC1 mRNA and protein were significantly downregulated when incubated with Ang Ⅱ dose-dependently.Meanwhile,the effluent rate of cholesterol was also decreased. Conclusion Angiotesin Ⅱmay inhibit the expression of NPC1 in THP-1 macrophages and decrease the effluent rate of cholesterol,contributing to the development of atherosclerosis.

Abstract:Aim To make animal model of acute myocardial infarction in rats. Methods Rats were anesthetized by intraperitoneal injection of pentobarbital sodium solution,oral tracheal intubation under direct vision,the operating rats' ribcage,the left anterior descending coronary artery(LAD) was ligated.After the surgery,rat's respiratory tract was cleared.ECG,cardiac enzyme levels,pathological organization and measuring the infarct size were applied. Results 6 of 40 rats died during the surgery,the success rate was 85%.Thirty minutes after operation,Wistar rates'ECG showed the ST segment elevated and the pathological Q wave appeared;MB isoenzyme of creatine kinase(CK-MB),lactate dehydrogenase(LDH),LDH1 was compared in myocardial infarction group and sham-operation group before ligation of LAD.CK-MB,LDH,LDH1 in myocardial infarction group increased significantly than those in sham-operation group 24 h,40 h after occlusion(P><0.05).LDH and LDH1 also increased significantly at 60 h(P><0.05);Observing the histological section under the light microscope,it was found that pathological cardiac muscle cells were arranged in disorder,and cell uncleus pyknosis and chip occurred;ischemic myocardium weight / left ventricle wet weight was also significantly greater in myocardial infarction group than sham-operation group 40 h,60 h and 21 days after occlusion(P><0.01). Conclusion This showed that the technique was easy to operate with small wound high success rate and credibility.

Abstract:Aim To study the effects of atorvastatin on the apoptosis in human umbilical vein endothelial cells(HUVEC) induced by high glucose and to explore its potential molecular mechanism. Methods The HUVEC were cultured in vitro.Apoptosis of HUVEC were observed by acridine orange/ethidium bromide fluorescence staining.The survival rates of HUVEC were detected by MTT assay after HUVEC were incubated with different glucose concentrations(5.6 mmol/L,17.6 mmol/L,33.3 mmol/L)and atorvastatin concentrations(0.1 μmol/L,1 μmol/L,10 μmol/L)for 24 hours.The early apoptosis rates and the Bcl-2/Bax protein expression were respectively detected by flow cytometry and Western Blotting. Results With the increase in glucose concentration,the values of MTT were significantly reduced(P><0.05).The early apoptosis rates of HUVEC were gradually increased with the increase in glucose concentrations(P><0.05).The 33.3 mmol/L glucose group inhibited the expression of Bcl-2 protein and increased the expression of Bax protein compared with the control group(P><0.05).10 μmol/L atorvastatin decreased early apoptosis rates(P><0.01) and the expression of bax protein(P><0.05),increased the expression of Bcl-2 protein(P><0.05) induced by 33.3 mmol/L glucose. Conclusion Atorvastatin probably inhibit the apoptosis in HUVEC induced by high glucose through regulating the expression of Bcl-2/Bax protein.

Abstract:Aim To investigate the effect of resveratrol on alcoholic cardiomyopathy and the underlying molecular mechanisms. Methods Male Wistar rats were divided into three groups: control,alcoholic,and alcoholic plus resveratrol group,n=10 for each group.After the intervention for six months,the invasive cardiac function of the rats was measured by physiological recorder,the histological structure of heart was evaluated by HE staining,the expression and phosphorylation of AMP-activated protein kinase(AMPK) and endothelial nitric oxide synthase(eNOS) in myocardium were determined by western blot,and the nitric oxide(NO) level in myocardium was detected by nitrate reductase method. Results Alcoholic intake for six months caused a significant decline in cardiac function and an obvious damage in cardiac structure.Oral administration with resveratrol partially reversed alcoholic-induced cardiac damage.Alcoholic intake significantly decreased the phosphorylated level of AMPK and eNOS and consequently decreased the NO level in myocardium.Treatment with resveratrol remarkably attenuated alcoholic-induced decline in the phosphorylation of AMPK and eNOS and decrease in NO level. Conclusion Resveratrol activates AMPK/eNOS pathway,increases NO level,and consequently prevents alcoholic cardiomyopathy.

Abstract:Aim To investigate the effect of 5-azacytidine on the differentiation of rat bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells(BMSC) into cardiomyocyte-like cells,and explore the role of fluid shear stress. Methods BMSC were isolated from rats marrow mononuclear cells by attaching growth.The 4 th generation of BMSC were exposed to 3,5,10,15 and 20 μmol/L 5-azacytidine for 12,24 and 48 hours respectively.10 μmol/L for 24 hours as best induction concentration was established based on α-actin expression of cardiomyocyte-like cells after 3 weeks by immunofluorescence.The modles of BMSC were divided into four groups: no fluid shear stress group,load 5 dyn/cm2 fluid shear stress group,load 15 dyn/cm2 fluid shear stress group and load 25 dyn/cm2 fluid shear stress group.After 24 hours,the morphology changes of BMSC was observed by inverted microscopy.RT-PCR was used to examine cTnI mRNA expression after 4 weeks later. Results BMSC gradually became spindle with the passage.5-Azacytidine induced BMSC increases cell bodies and extended long thin processes,branching occurs at the protruding end,some of the processes connecting adjacent cells to form a network,showed morphological transformation to the direction of the characteristics of myocardial cells.α-actin was expressed by inducation after 3 weeks.Through fluid shear stress mechanical stimulation,cTnI expression increased,positive bands was more significant than no fluid shear stress stimulation cells.It was the most obvious in 15 dyn/cm2 fluid shear stress group.However,the change of 25 dyn/cm2 fluid shear stress group was not increased at a positive correlation. Conclusions 5-Azacytidine can induce the differentiation of BMSC into cardiomyocyte-like cells.5-Azacytidine combined with shear stress not only induce the differentiation of BMSC into cardiomyocyte-like cells,but also cause cell differentiation,which seems to have a better effect than only 5-azacytidine.

Abstract:Aim To investigate the therapeutic effects of mangiferin on experimental diabetic nephropathy in rats,and explore the underlying mechanism. Methods The diabetic rats was induced by intraperitoneal injection with streptozotocin(STZ).The rats were randomly divided into five groups: the normal control group,the diabetic model group,the low(15 mg/(kg·d)),middle(30 mg/(kg·d)),high(60 mg/(kg·d)) doses of mangiferin therapy group.Renal weight,index number of kidney hypertrophy,fasting blood glucose and 24-hour urinary protein excretion were examined at 12 weeks.The structure of kidney was analyzed by light microscope.Immunohistochemistry and Western Blotting were used to detect the expression of transforming growing factor-β(TGF-β),matrix metalloproteinases-2(MMP-2),tissue inhibitors of matrix metalloproteinase-2(TIMP-2) in renal tissues. Results Compared with normal control group,the index number of kidney hypertrophy and 24-hour urinary protein were significantly up-regulated in the diabetic group;the protein expression of TGF-β and TIMP-2 were significantly up-regulated while MMP-2 was significantly decreased.Compared with the diabetic group,index number of kidney hypertrophy and 24-hour urinary protein were significantly decreased in mangiferin therapy groups(P><0.01);the protein expression of TGF-β and TIMP-2 were significantly decreased(P><0.05 or P><0.01),MMP-2 was significantly up-regulated(P><0.05 or P><0.01). Conclusion The expression of TGF-β,MMP-2 andTIMP-2 are related to diabetic nephropathy(DN),mangiferin has protective effect on kidney of diabetic rats through affecting the changes of above mentioned indexes.

Abstract:Aim To investigate the expression of p27Kip1 in the atherosclerotic plaques of rats and fasudil hydrochloride intervention role. Methods 30 healthy male Wistar rats were randomly divided into three groups:normal control group,atherosclerosis group and fasudil group.Rats in normal control group were undertook fake sacculus proprius damage and then were offered normal diet.Rats in atherosclerosis group and fasudil group were given Vitamin D3 intramuscular injection first,then were suffered artery balloon injury and were fed with basic diet added cholesterol,sodium cholate,propylthiouracil,Vitamin D3 powder,lard.While rats in fasudil group were given the intraperitoneal injection of fasudil.After 9 weeks,all the rats were killed,the expression of Rho kinase and p27Kip1 protein in the vascular tissues were detected by immunohistochemistry method. Results The atherosclerosis group formed typical atherosclerotic plaque.Semi-quantitative immunohistochemical analysis showed that Rho kinase expressed in the normal vessel wall,and increased significantly in atherosclerosis group compared with that in the other two groups(P><0.01),Rho kinase expression in fasudil group also increased compared with that in normal control group(P><0.05).p27Kip1 protein expression in the normal vessel wall more,p27Kip1 protein expression in atherosclerosis group decreased significantly compared with that in the other two groups(P><0.01).p27Kip1 protein expression in fasudil group also decreased compared with that in the normal control group(P><0.05). Conclusion The expression of Rho kinase obviously increased and the expression of p27Kip1 protein obviously reduced in atherosclerotic lesions.Fasudil obviously inhibit vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation,inhibit the up-regulation of Rho kinase expression and down-regulation of the p27Kip1 protein in atherosclerotic lesions.

Abstract:Aim To investigate the relationship between circadian rhythm of blood pressure and arterial stiffness. Methods We collected and analyzed ambulatory and clinical data in inpatients of a comprehensive department during 2004-2008 in the Affiliated Hospital of Dali University. Results In 242 inpatients,before and after adjustment of age,sex,antihypertensive treatment,24 h pulse rate and mean arterial blood pressure,compared with dippers(n=85),non-dippers(n=103),reverse dippers(n=42) and extreme dippers(n=12) had a significantly higher ambulatory arterial stiffness index and 24 h pulse pressure.There was no significant difference in age,plasma glucose,uric acid,total cholesterol and triglyceride among four groups(P>0.05). Conclusion Abnormal circadian rhythm of blood pressure was associated with arterial stiffness.

Abstract:Aim To investigate the correlation and factors of plasma α2-heremans-schmid glycoprotein(AHSG) level and lower extremity atherosclerosis(LEA) in patients with type 2 diabetes. Methods Two hundred and forty five patients with type 2 diabetes and eighty-eight normal controls were enrolled.In these subjects,the plasma AHSG level were detected by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay(ELISA),and the degrement atherosclerosis of lower extremity was examined by Color Doppler Ultrasound,and TC,TG,HDL,LDL,Cr,BUN and fasting blood glucose(FBG) were measured.The differences were compared between the two groups.The effect factors of AHSG level by multiple stepwise regression analysis were defined. Results The plasma levels of AHSG,SBP,DBP,BMI,BUN,Cr,FPG,TC,TG,HDL and LDL and scroces of LEA in the diabetic group were higher than those in the normal control group(P><0.01).After multiple stepwise regression analysis,there was a negative correlation between plasma AHSG level and age(P>=0.011),but there was a positive correlation between LEA and age(P>=0.001). Conclusions The plasma AHSG level in the diabetic group was higher than that in the normal control,maybe mainly due to insulin resistance.The plasma AHSG level had a positive correlation with LEA,but a negative correlation with age.

Abstract:Aim We examined patients with type-2 diabetes mellitus(T2DM) and hypertension using color Doppler ultrasound to observe the characteristics of atherosclerosis in lower artery.It would provide a theory for lower vascular disease prevention in patients with T2DM and hypertension. Methods 70 T2DM patients were divided into two groups: 35 type 2 diabetes without hypertension and 35 type 2 diabetes with hypertension,35 people in the control group received lower extremities vascular Doppler ultrasonography test.It included both lower extremities femoral artery,popliteal artery,posterior tibial artery and dorsalis pedis artery.The intimal-media thickness(IMT) value,plaque size,resonance,distribution and haemodynamics index of every subjects were recorded. Results Plaque of lower extremities in type 2 diabetes without hypertension and type 2 diabetes with hypertension were higher than the controls(P><0.05).The plaque incidence rate and IMT in group type 2 diabetes without hypertension were much lower than group type 2 diabetes with hypertension(P><0.05).Compared with the controls,the femoral artery,popliteal artery,arteria dorsalis pedis peak value flow rate cut down in the type 2 diabetes without hypertension and type 2 diabetes with hypertension group(P><0.05). Conclusion It can detect the characteristics of atherosclerosis in lower artery in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus(T2DM) and hypertension by color Doppler ultrasound.In the two-dimensional images of the performance of the lower extremities artery IMT-irregular thickening,plaque formation,particularly the main artery distal small;Color Doppler showed femoral artery,popliteal artery,dorsalis pedis artery peak velocity slowed down,pulsatility index(PI)raised.

Abstract:Aim To investigate the combined therapeutic effects of statins(atorvastatin) and angiotensin receptor blocker(ARB,valsartan) for six months on patients with coronary borderline lesions confirmed by 64-row multi-detector computed tomography(MDCT),with emphasis on systemic inflammatory response and imaging characteristics of coronary plaques. Methods 116 patients with borderline coronary lesions detected by MDCT were enrolled and divided into two groups: single-treatment group(56 patients) and combined-treatment group(60 patients).In single treatment group,patients were received atorvastatin,and patients of combined-treatment group were treated with atorvastatin and valsartan.Plasma high sensitive C-reaction protein(hs-CRP) and brain natriuretic peptide(BNP) were examined before and after treatment in each group,and coronary artery lesions was rechecked by MDCT to evaluate the change of coronary artery plaques after six months of treatment. Results Significant decreases were observed in plasma hs-CRP and BNP after treatment in both groups(P><0.01),and patients in combined-treatment group exhibited more significant decreases than single-treatment group(P><0.05).Left ventricular ejection fractions(LVEF) in all patients were significantly elevated(P><0.01),and patients of combined-treatment group showed more significant improvement than single-treatment group(P><0.05).In addition,MDCT showed a significant reduction of lipid plaque volume and only a slight reduction in both fibrous plaque volume and mixed plaque volume after treatment(P><0.05),and patients in combined-treatment group exhibited more significant decreases than single-treatment group(P><0.05).However,there was no significant change in calcified plaque of both groups.Incidence of adverse cardiovascular events in combind-treatment group was significantly lower than single-treatment group. Conclusion Combination of statins and ARB for six months can significantly inhibit systemic inflammatory response and stabilize coronary plaques.

Abstract:Aim To investigate the influence of Shensongyangxin capsule on heart rate variability(HRV) in patients with essential hypertension. Methods 68 patients with essential hypertension were randomly divided into 2 groups.32 patients with conventional antihypertensive drug treatment(control group) and 36 patients with Shensongyangxin capsule 0.12 g,3 times/d,4 weeks based on the conventional antihypertensive drug(treatment group).The HRV and the time domain analysis indicator with Holter ECG were measured and analyzed before and 4 weeks after treatment. Results Compared with control group,the standard deviation of normal-to-normal intervals(SDNN)(126.4±26.1 ms vs 110.8±17.9 ms),within 24 h each successive 5 min normal R-R intervals average of standard deviation(SDANN)(108.4±28.8 ms vs 98.2±16.2 ms),rate-mean-square of the difference of successive R-R interval(rMSSD)(28.7±15.2 ms vs 26.4±15.1 ms) and within 24 h nearby normal R-R interphase sent a value greater than the count of 50 ms total R-R interval percentage(PNN50%)(8.2%±7.1% vs 5.9%±5.3%) were significantly increased in treatment group(P><0.05). Conclusion Shensongyangxin capsule can significantly improve the HRV and the prognosis in the patients with essential hypertension.

Abstract:Aim To investigate the changes of microalbuminuria and to assess the role of myocardial injury after percutaneous coronary intervention(PCI). Methods 86 patients who underwent PCI were enrolled.Blood samples were respectively collected immediately before and after PCI at 24 hours,myocardial creatine kinase-MB(CK-MB),cardiac troponin I(cTnI) and myoglobin(MB) were detected by Electrochemiluminescence,then the changes of myocardial injury markers were analyzed and compared between MAU-positive group and negative group. Results After 24 hours of operating,cTnI and CK-MB levels of MAU-positive group were 1.68±0.74 μg/L and 10.16±4.18 μg/L respectively.cTnI and CK-MB levels of MAU-positive group were significantly higher than MAU-negative group(P><0.05).MB levels of MAU-positive group after 24 hours of operating were higher than preoperating(40.16±15.82 μg/L vs 16.68±6.45 μg/L),but there were no signifiant differences between MAU-positive group and MAU-negative group after 24 hours of operating. Conclusion Postoperative cTnI,CK-MB and MB levels in the two groups were higher than preoperative levels,the differences had statistical significance,it suggested that PCI caused myocardial injury;postoperative cTnI and CK-MB levels of MAU-positive group were significantly higher than MAU-negative group.Preoperative MAU being positive had significantly predicted effect on myocardial injury after coronary intervention.

Abstract:Aim To observe the association of fibrinogen β148C/T gene polymorphism with plasma fibrinogen levels and cerebral infarction(CI) in Hunan Han population. Methods 150 subjects with CI and 111 controls were enrolled in the study.The beta fibrinogen site C148T was genotyped by using restriction fragment length polymorphism method.The level of plasma fibrinogen was measured by the Clauss method. Results The frequencies of T allele was 0.325 in CI group,and 0.200 in control group,frequency of T allele was significantly higher in CI group than that in control group(P>=0.041).Furthermore,the results of Logistic regression analysis showed that the genotype of TT was an independent risk factor for CI(Or=2.040,95%CI was 1.283~3.243,P>=0.003).Plasma fibrinogen levels were higher in CI subtypes than those in control subtypes.In both CI group and control group,plasma fibrinogen levels in TT genotype were higher than those in CC and CT genotype. Conclusion Fibrinogen β148C/T polymorphism may be associated with susceptibility to CI in Hunan Han population.TT genotype increased risk to CI.Fibrinogen β148C/T gene polymorphism may have association with plasma fibrinogen level.Carriers of TT genotype at fibrinogen β148C/T gene polymorphism have higher levels of plasma fibrinogen.

Abstract:Aim To perform a meta-analysis of clinical and angiographic and CRP characteristics of women patients(age≤45) with acute myocardial infarction(AMI) that investigated the the correlation between female AMI,AMI risk factors and CRP of young women on the diagnosis of AMI predictive value. Methods 31 female patients were enrolled which comfirmed AMI by coronary angiography from January 2000 to June 2010.We collected their clinical data of AMI patients,coronary lesions,detection of CRP,lipids,fibrinogen,serum uric acid level and used logistic regression analysis to detect the relevance between risk factors and young women AMI. Results Compared with the same age male AMI patients,the women patient′s AMI family history,hypertension,diabetes,cardiogenic shock,CRP levels were significantly higher and their coronary angiography showed multivessel disease disease-based,LAD lesions associated with about 32.3% of AMI.The complete PCI revascularization rate and TIMI3 blood flow recovery of female patients were less than male which had the significant difference(P><0.05).Two group's 30-day hospital mortality(Or=1.23,95%CI:0.81-1.89) had no significant difference,but the young female patients hospital mortality(Or=1.15,95%CI:1.04-1.37) was higher and male patients with a higher one year mortality(Or=1.21,95%CI:1.07-1.47).The female patients who received the intervention hospital mortality(Or=0.96,95%CI:0.74-1.26)and the 30-day mortality(Or=1.07,95%CI:0.90-1.29) had no significant difference,but one year mortality rate was higher(Or=1.13,95%CI:1.01-1.29). Conclusion The women patients with AMI below 45 had higher proportion of hypertension,diabetes,AMI family history,cardiogenic shock,MVD,CRP,but the low rate of complete revascularization and higher one year mortality rate after PCI.Therefore it is necessary to do the best study of AMI treatment for female patients.

Abstract:Aim To investigate the relationship between Fractalkine receptor CX3CR1 gene polymorphism and coronary heart disease(CHD). Methods By polymerase chain reaction and restriction fragment length polymorphism(PCR-RFLP),CX3CR1 gene polymorphism was analyzed in 139 CHD patients and 90 control individuals,and the distribution of CX3CR1 genotype was compared in CHD group and control group. Results The proportion of I249 allele was higher in control group than in CHD group(24.4% and 9.4%,P><0.05).There were no significant differences in 280T/M genotype frequencies and allele frequencies between CHD group and control group(P>0.05). Conclusion The I249 allele of the Fractalkine receptor CX3CR1 gene may be associated with a reduced risk of coronary heart disease,the CX3CR1 gene polymorphism is associated with CHD in Han nationality of South China.

Abstract:The ever-increasing incidence of hypertension and the high death rate of cardiovascular diseases raise an issue of how to efficiently identify genes associated with the polygenic diseases of hypertension.Significant gender differences in hypertension have been recognized over one hundred years.Males have higher average values of blood pressure as well as higher incidence of hypertension as compared to females in many ethnic groups.Genes or genetic polymorphisms governing the higher normal value of blood pressure in males may be the susceptible factors of hypertension.Hormone related genes or imprinting genes are considered as involvement in the development of gender differences of normal blood pressure and hypertension.The gender differences in responding to pro-hypertensive or anti-hypertensive agents have clinical implications in clinical practice.Additionally,better understanding the molecular genetics of normal blood pressure differences between genders may yield the identification of genes associated with the development of hypertension and eventually benefit to the diagnosis and therapeutics of hypertension.

Abstract:Vitamin D deficiency is very common in Chinese.Recent epidemiological studies have demonstrated strong association between vitamin D deficiency and risk of hypertension.The mechanism for how vitamin D protect against hypertension has not been fully elucidated.Proposed mechanisms include effects on negative regulation of renin-angiotensin system,on decreasing secretion of parathyroid hormone,on improving insulin resistance as well as direct effects on vasculature.In addition,genetic variants of vitamin D receptor were also the risk factors of human hypertension.Further study on vitamin D and human hypertension will improve the prevention and treatment of hypertension.

Abstract:Since its initial discovery as a key regulator in bone metabolism,osteoprotegerin(OPG) has become the subject of intense interest for its role in vascular disease and calcification.In animal models and clinical studies it is revealed that,OPG can inhibit atherosclerosis(As),and its serum level increases in association with vascular calcification,coronary artery disease and future cardiovascular events.This feature of the exact mechanism and significance is not clear.To understand the complete role model,OPG gene polymorphism,calcification,inflammation,apoptosis and the relationship between the ligand should be included in the study,the paper in recent years on related aspects of the relationship between OPG and As reviewed the research progress.