Abstract:Aim To investigate the effects of fibroblast growth factor-21 （FGF-21） on endoplasmic reticulum stress-induced apoptosis in aorta of ApoE^-/- mice. Methods Twenty-four male ApoE^-/- mice and twelve male C57BL/6J mice were divided into three groups: Control group（n12）, atherosclerosis group （n12） maintained high fat diet with vehicle administration subcutaneously for 4 weeks, and FGF-21 treatment group（n12）: the same fat diet with FGF-21 administration subcutaneously［0.1 mg/（kg·d）］ for 4 weeks. At the end of the study, all mice were sacrificed to detect the plasma FGF-21 levels, histopathological changes and apoptotic rate in aorta, fibroblast growth factor receptor-1 （FGFR-1）, cleaved cysteinyl aspartate specific proteinase-12 （Caspase-12） and C/EBP homologous protein （CHOP） expression of the aortas. Results Compared with control group, atherosclerosis group fed with a high-fat diet showed upregulated levels of FGF-21 in plasma and FGFR-1 protein expression in aorta，and the plaque area, apoptotic rate, cleaved Caspase-12 and CHOP protein expression in aortas were significantly increased （P<0.05）. Compared with atherosclerosis group, FGF-21 group showed less plaque area, apoptotic rate, cleaved Caspase-12 and CHOP protein expression in aortas （P<0.05）. Conclusion FGF-21 can inhibit apoptosis and atherosclerosis possibly by inhibiting expression of pro-apoptotic proteins like cleaved Caspase-12 and CHOP in atherosclerotic aorta of ApoE^-/- mice.

Abstract:Aim The effect of oxidized low density lipoprotein （ox-LDL） on proaggregation and proadhesion in human umbilical vein endothelial cells （HUVEC） and the underlying mechanisms were observed. Methods HUVEC in 6-well plate were treated with varied concentrations of ox-LDL （ 50, 100 and 200 mg/L） for 12 h, 24 h and 48 h, respectively. After that, the levels of prostacyclin （PGI2） and thromboxane A2 （TXA2） in supernatants were detected by radioimmunoasssay. Finally, the expression levels of tissue factor （TF）, intercellular cell adhesion molecule-1 （ICAM-1） and vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 （VCAM-1） were examined by Western blot. Results Dose-response assay showed that the proaggregation of HUVEC induced by ox-LDL was enhanced in a concentration-dependent manner by treatment with ox-LDL for 24 h, presenting that the ratios of PGI2/TXA2 markedly decreased （P<0.05 or P<0.01）. The similar results from time-course relationship assay were obtained. In addition, the expression levels of TF significantly increased in a fashion of concentration-dependence. More importantly, the proadhesion of HUVEC was enhanced, displaying the expression levels of ICAM-1 and VCAM-1 were significantly increased in a concentration-dependent fashion. Conclusions ox-LDL enhances the activities of proaggregation and proadhesion in HUVEC in a concentration-dependent manner. The underlying mechanisms might downregulate the value of PGI2/TXA2 and upregulate the expression of TF, ICAM-1 and VCAM-1.

Abstract:Aim By using percutaneous endovascular microcatheter technique to establish an animal model of acute coronary microembolization in pigs. Methods Coronary microembolization（CME） was established by injection of 40～120 μm microspheres（50, 100, 150, 250 thousands, respectively） selectively into the left anterior descending artery. The survivors were randomly divided into CMEl, CME2, CME3, CME4 subgroups（n5, respectively）. The sham-operated group underwent injection by physiological saline instead of microspheres（n5）. Echocardiography was used to evaluate heart function. Microinfarction size was detected by hematoxylin and eosin （HE）and hematoxylin basic fuehsin picric acid（HBFP） staining. Results ①Compared with sham-operated group, cardiac function was similar in CME1 group （P>0.05）. Compared with sham-operated group, the left ventricular ejection fraction（LVEF） of CME2, CME3 and CME4 groups were all markedly decreased（P<0.05）. Echocardiography showed that LVEF, short axis fractional shortening（FS） and cardiac output（CO） decreased, but left ventricular end-diastolic diameter（LVEDd）increased（P<0.05） after CME. ②Microinfarction can be detected in all CME groups. Compared with CME1（4.62%±2.17%）group，the microinfarction of CME2（9.23%±3.97%）, CME3（12.24%±4.73%） and CME4（21.52%±6.19%） groups were all significantly increased （P<0.05）. ③LVEF was negatively correlative with the numbers of microspheres（r－0.74,P<0.05）. Microinfarction size was positively correlated with the numbers of microsphere（r0.87,P<0.05）. ④HE and HBFP staining could demonstrate the presence of microinfarction in CME2 group which did not cause a large area of myocardial infarction. Conclusions Acute coronary microembolization model was successfully established after injecting microspheres（100 thousands） into the left anterior descending artery by using percutaneous endovascular microcatheter technique.

Abstract:Aim To study the expression of matrix metalloproteinase-2 （MMP-2） gene in vascular smooth muscle cells （VSMC） induced by platelet-derived growth factor BB （PDGF-BB） and the dependent signaling pathway. Methods VSMC isolated from rats were treated with PDGF-BB at different concentration and durations. The expression of MMP-2 mRNA was detected by Real-time RT-PCR. The p38 activity was detected by Western blot. Actinomycin D, SB202190 were used to investigate underlying mechanisms. Cell migration was tested by scratch. Results MMP-2 mRNA expression was up-regulated by PDGF-BB for 1 h at 10 μg/L～50 μg/L, and maximally induced at 20 μg/L. The time of MMP-2 mRNA expression maximally occurred 30 min after PDGF-BB exposure. Incubation of VSMC with PDGF-BB resulted in a significant activation of p38. VSMC pretreated with actinomycin D showed a significant decrease of MMP-2 mRNA expression. SB202190 resulted in inactivation of p38, meanwhile, significantly suppressed of MMP-2 mRNA expression on PDGF-BB treatment. Conclusion PDGF-BB can induce expression of MMP-2 gene and cell migration in VSMC, which can be regulated by p38 signaling pathway. This process may play a critical role in development of vascular remodeling.

Abstract:Aim To explore whether naringin （NRG） protects H9c2 cardiac cells against high glucose （HG）-induced injury by inhibition of signal transducers and activators of transcription 3 （STAT3） pathway. Methods H9c2 cardiac cells were treated with 35 mmol/L glucose （HG） for 24 h to establish a model of HG-induced injury Cell counter kit-8 （CCK-8） was used to measure cell viability Apoptotic cells were tested by Hoechst 33258 nuclear staining followed by fluorescence imaging Intracellular levels of reactive oxygen species （ROS） were detected by 2’,7’-dichlorfluorescein-diacetate （DCFH-DA） staining, followed by fluorescence imaging Mitochondrial membrane potential （MMP） was measured by a fluorescent dye, rhodamine 123 （Rh123）, followed by fluorescence imaging The expression levels of STAT3 protein were detected by Western blot assay. Results Treatment of H9c2 cardiac cells with HG for 24 h significantly induced injuries, evidenced by a decrease in cell viability, increases in amount of apoptotic cells and intracellular ROS production, as well as a loss of MMP HG enhanced the expression of phosphorylated （p）-STAT3 Pretreatment with NRG markedly inhibited the up-regulation of expression of p-STAT3 induced by HG Pretreatment with NRG or AG490, an inhibitor of STAT3 pathway, attenuated the above HG-induced injuries, including cytotoxicity, apoptosis, increase in ROS production and a loss of MMP, in H9c2 cardiac cells. Conclusion NRG may protect H9c2 cardiac cells against the HG-induced injuries by inhibiting the STAT3 pathway.

Abstract:Aim To explore the impact of pioglitazone on calcification of rat vascular smooth muscle cells in vitro through the pathway of apoptosis induced by endoplasmic reticulum stress, and its signal transduction and molecular mechanisms. Methods Beta glycerin joint sodium pyruvate sodium phosphate was used to prepare calcified vascular smooth muscle cell model, with different concentrations （10, 50, 100 μmol/L） pyrazole ketone of wide intervention. Cell calcification was observed by using Von Kossa staining and alizarin red S staining, and calcium was determined by alkaline phosphatase （ALP）activity. Flow cytometry and Tunel method were used to detect apoptosis rate, real time fluorescence quantitative RT-PCR and Western Blot method were used to detect mRNA and protein expression of glucose regulated protein 78 （GRP78）, cysteine-containing aspartate-specific proteases-12 （Caspase-12） and Runt-related transcription factor 2 （Runx2） in each group. Results The calcium content, ALP activity in calcification group increased compared with normal cells （P<0.05）, and different concentrations of pioglitazone dose dependently reduced the calcium content and the activity of ALP in the calcification of vascular smooth muscle cells in rats （P<0.05） The apoptosis rate of calcification group was obviously higher than that in control group, and different concentration of pioglitazone dose dependently reduced apoptosis rate of vascular smooth muscle cell（P<0.05） mRNA and protein expression of GRP78, caspase-12 and Runx2 increased significantly in calcification group, and different concentration of pioglitazone dose dependently downregulated mRNA and protein expression of GRP78, caspase-12 and Runx2 of vascular smooth muscle cell in rat （P<0.05）. Conclusion Pioglitazone can reduce calcification of vascular smooth muscle cells induced by beta glycerol phosphate through the pathways of apoptosis induced by endoplasmic reticulum stress, which effect may be related to GRP78, caspase-12 and Runx2 expression downgrade.

Abstract:Aim To investigate the protective effective of casticin（CAS） against human umbilical vein endothelial cells（HUVEC） apoptosis induced by H₂O₂ oxidative stress and its possible molecular mechanism. Methods HUVEC cells were cultured in vitro. The cells which would be induced by H₂O₂ were incubated in advance for 30 minutes with ONY and various concentration of CAS. Cells viability was measured by MTT assay, and its apoptosis-inducing effect were determined by AO/EB and FCM, meanwhile western blot assay was used to measure proteins related to apoptosis.Results CAS could increase the viability of HUVEC cells induced by H₂O₂ in a dose and time-dependent manner compared with cells solo exposed to H₂O₂ （P<0.05）. The number of apoptotic cells and the apoptotic rate of HUVEC cells treated with various concentration CAS and H₂O₂ significantly decreased in a dose and time-dependent manner compared with H₂O₂ group（P<0.05）, meanwhile the expression of Cytochrome-C, Caspase-9 and Caspase-3 protein were down-regulated （P<0.05）, and protein level of Bcl-2 was activated（P<0.05）, while the expression of Bax protein showed no change in the same treatment（P>0.05）, and the ratio of Bcl-2/Bax expression level increased（P<0.05）. Conclusion CAS could prevent H₂O₂-induced HUVEC cells apoptosis which might be correlated with mitochondria-controlled apoptotic pathway.

Abstract:Aim To study the effects of phentolamine on myocardial extracellular matrix of cardiac remodeling induced by norepinephrine in rats. Methods Twenty-four male SD rats were randomly divided into control group, norepinephrine group （model group） and norepinephrine＋phentolamine group （treatment group）. Left ventricular structure and function among groups of rats were measured by echocardiography. Extracellular matrix remodeling was evaluated by morphological examination, stained with Van-Gieson （VG）. The content of hydroxyproline in the tissue of myocardium was measured. The protein expression of matrix metalloproteinase- 2 （MMP-2） and collagen Ⅰ were examined by immunohistochemical analysis. Results Compared with control group, left ventricular hypertrophy, the hydroxyproline content, collagen volume fraction （CVF） and protein expression of MMP-2 and collagen Ⅰ was significantly higher in the model group rats （P＜0.01）. In treatment group rats, myocardial hypertrophy obviously improved, hydroxyproline, CVF reduced, protein expression of MMP-2 and collagenⅠdecreased （P＜0.05）. Conclusion Phentolamine can prevent the cardiac hypertrophy and extracellular matrix remodeling, which was associated with the attenuation of myocardial MMP-2and collagen Ⅰ.

Abstract:Aim To analyze the effect of early and large administration of atorvastatin on coronary microcirculatory disturbance and ventricular remodeling in patients with acute myocardial infarction （AMI）. Methods The 164 patients with AMI were chosen and divided into two groups, research group （pre-PCI administered atorvastatin 40 mg at draught and post-PCI oral intake of atorvastatin 20 mg, bid） and control group （post-PCI oral intake of atorvastatin 20 mg, qn）, according to dosage regimen of atorvastatin. Each group had 82 cases. After one year follow-up, the levels of serum nitric oxide （NO）, vascular endothelial growth factor （VEGF） and thromboxane β2 （TXβ2） were detected and compared between two groups. And the levels of left ventricular ejection fraction （LVEF）, left ventricular end-systolic volume （LVESV）, left ventricular end-diastolic volume （LVEDV） and wall motion score index （WMSI） were also detected and compared between two groups. The classes of thrombolysis in myocardial infarction （TIMI） and myocardial blush grade （MBG） of patients which received coronary angiography were compared between two groups. Results Compared to control group, the levels of serum NO and VEGF in research group were higher, but serum TXβ2 were lower （P<0.05）. And the levels of LVESV, LVEDV and WMSI in research group were lower than in control group, but the level of LVEF was higher than in control group （P<0.05）. The classes of TIMI and TMPG in research group were better than in control group （P<0.05）. Conclusion The early administration of atorvastatin can obviously improve the coronary microcirculatory disturbance and ventricular remodeling in patients with AMI.

Abstract:Aim To investigate the relationship between osteoporosis and atherosclerosis in elderly hypertensive patients. Methods 149 patients （≥60 yesrs old，average age 72.7±10.1 yesrs old）were included, whose bone mineral density and brachial-ankle pulse wave velocity（BaPWV） were measured by dual energy X ray bone density and Doppler ultrasonography. Among them,109 patients with hypertension were used as the case group and 40 patients without hypertension were used as the control group. Results The neck bone mineral density, greater trochanter bone mineral density and the total hip bone mineral density were significantly lower in patients with hypertension group than the control group, and the difference was statistically significant（P<0.05）. The neck bone mineral density, greater trochanter bone mineral density, intro bone mineral density, total hip bone mineral density were significantly lower in patients with high BaPWVL group than the low BaPWVL group, and the difference was statistically significant（P<0.05）. After controlling the age, the bone mineral density was negatively correlated with the left BaPWV（r－0.191 and －0.199,P<0.05）,and the difference was statistically significant. Logistic regression analysis show that age and apolipoprotein B were risk factors for atherosclerosis. Conclusion Hypertension is a risk factor for osteoporosis. Increased arterial stiffness is associated with reduced bone mineral density in hypertensive patients. Therefore, hypertensive patients with increased arterial stiffness may have a high risk of bone fracture due to osteoporosis.

Abstract:Aim To compare the difference of serum α-Klotho protein concentration in patients between acute myocardial infarction and chronic stable angina pectoris. Methods Patients who suffered coronary heart disease and treated by coronary angiography were selected as the research object. Within 24 hours after the patients were hospitalized, their medical history, physiological and chemical data and serum α-Klotho protein concentration were collected. Univariate analysis method and multivariate analysis method were used to analyze the difference of serum α-Klotho protein concentration in acute myocardial infarction group （n＝84） and chronic stable angina pectoris group （n＝90）. Results The serum α-Klotho protein concentration in acute myocardial infarction group was lower than that in chronic stable angina pectoris group （903.19±558.13 ng/L vs 1075.10±535.29 ng/L）, and the difference was statistically significant （P＜0.05）. Logistic regression analysis showed that gender, age, smoking history, drinking history, family history of early onset coronary heart disease, hypertension history, total cholesterol, high density lipoprotein cholesterol, creatinine clearance, and type 2 diabetes mellitus history were adjusted, serum α-Klotho protein concentration was negatively correlated with acute myocardial infarction （OR＝0.995, 95% CI was 0.993～0.997, P＜0.05）. Conclusions Serum α-Klotho protein concentration in chronic stable angina pectoris group was higher than that in acute myocardial infarction group. The serum α-Klotho protein concentration was negatively correlated with acute myocardial infarction.

Abstract:Aim To evaluate the diagnostic value of ST segment depression limited to the recovery phase of exercise stress testing for coronary artery disease. Methods 168 patients from July 2008 to December 2012 were selected for the study. They received both exercise stress testing and selective coronary angiography. According to the results of exercise test, patients were allocated into exercise-phase ST depression group （exercise group, n＝90）, 54 male and 36 female, age between 35～80, recovery-phase ST depression group （recovery group, n＝61）, 26 male and 35 female, age between 45～74, and negative exercise test group （negative test group, n＝17）, 11 male and 6 female, age between 35～80. Based on results of coronary angiography, they were categorized into marked stenosis group, slightly stenosis group and angiographical normal group. Clinical characteristics of three groups, relations between stress test and coronary angiography, and echocardiographic parameters were compared. Results The patients in exercise-phase ST depression group were older and there were more diabetes in this group. The high density lipoprotein cholesterol （HDLC） level was lower, and the creatine and cystatin C levels were higher than other two groups （P<0.05）. There were more exercise-phase ST depression in marked stenosis group than other two groups （P＜0.05）. Recovery phase ST depression group showed higher percentage of slight stenosis compared with exercise-phase group （P<0.01）. Exercise-phase ST depres sion was more sensitive to find out one, two or three vessels lesions than recovery phase ST depression. Echocardiographic left ventricular end diatolic volume was lower than other two groups （P<0.05）. Conclusions Patients with recovery-phase ST depression had less coronary risk factors and more slight stenosis in coronary arteries. Diagnosis of coronary artery disease in recovery-phase ST depression patients should be individualized and considered based on risk factors assessment.

Abstract:Aim To compare the effect of different administration of rosuvastatin on levels of serum inflammation factors in patients with acute coronary syndrome （ACS）. Methods 86 patients diagnosed as ACS were chosen and divided into two groups, research group （43 cases, administered rosuvastatin 40 mg at draught and oral intake of rosuvastatin 20 mg, qn ） and control group （43 cases, received oral intake of rosuvastatin 10 mg, qn）, according to the dosage regimen of rosuvastatin. All patients of two groups received 6 months therapy. The levels of high sensitivity C reactive protein （hs-CRP）, thromboxane （TXβ₂） and homocysteine （Hcy） were compared between two groups, and the levels of total cholesterol（TC）, high density lipoprotein （HDL）, low density lipoprotein （LDL） and oxidized LDL （ox-LDL） were also compared between two groups. By following-up for one year, the incidence rates of major cardiovascular events （MACE） were compared between two groups and the relativities between hs-CRP, TXβ₂, Hcy and the incidence rate of MACE were analyzed. Results Compared with control group, the levels of hs-CRP, TXβ₂ and Hcy were significantly decreased （P<0.05） as well as the the level of TC, LDL and ox-LDL in research group （P<0.05）, but the level of HDL in research group was higher （P0.029）. The incidence rates of MACE in research group was lower than in control group （P0.038）. The relativities between hs-CRP, TXβ₂, Hcy and the incidence rate of MACE were positive.Conclusion The administration of high-dose rosuvastatin could significantly reduce the levels of serum inflammation factors and improve the prognosis in patients with ACS.

Abstract:Aim To explore the influence factors on atherosclerosis disease of type 2 diabetes mellitus （T2DM）.Methods To investigate 164 cases of type 2 diabetes mellitus resident patients, flow cytometry was used to detect the plasma level of endothelial microparticles （EMP）, ultrasonic was applied to measure the carotid intima-media thickness （IMT） and collect the relevant clinical indexes, risk factors of atherosclerosis in patients with type 2 diabetes were analyzed by multiple factor LR Logistic regression. Results According to the ultrasonic measurement of IMT they were divided into two groups, T2DM with carotid atherosclerosis group （120 cases） T2DM without carotid atherosclerosis group （44 cases）. Compared with T2DM without carotid atherosclerosis group, age was older, duration of diabetes were longer （P<0.01） and EMP, glycosylated hemoglobin A1 （HbA1c）, low density lipoprotein cholesterol （LDLC）, body mass index （BMI） levels were higher in T2DM with carotid atherosclerosis （P<0.05）. Multiple factor LR Logistic showed EMP, LDLC, BMI were independent risk factors of carotid atherosclerosis （EMP OR＝1.382, 95%CI＝1.046～1.826, P＝0.023）. Conclusion EMP, LDLC, BMI were associated with IMT thickening in patients with type 2 diabetes, as the independent risk factors for atherosclerosis, can be used to predict and evaluate the risk of major vascular lesions.

Abstract:Aim To compare the differences of coronary artery plaque distribution and extent of coronary artery disease between symptomatic patients with and without diabetes （DM）. Method 263 patients with definite and suspected coronary artery disease （CAD） were divided into diabetes （n92） and non-diabetes （n171） group according to the history of diabetes, all of them accepted dual-source computed tomography, and then coronary plaques （mixed, calcified, non-calcified plaques） were counted. Results DM patients showed a higher coronary artery calcification than non-DM in left anterior descending branch （LAD） （P0.007）, right coronary artery （RCA） （P0.041） and total scores （P0.027）. DM patients had more coronary artery plaques （P<0.001） than non-DM patients, mainly mixed plaques （P<0.001） and non-calcification plaques （P0.045）. DM patients had higher mean number of diseased coronary arteries （P<0.001） and obstructive coronary plaques （P<0.001） than non-DM patients. Conclusion Symptomatic DM patients have a higher prevalence of obstructive coronary artery disease and serious extent of calcification than non-DM patients And they are more likely to have higher coronary plaque burden, mainly mixed and non-calcification plaques. But future studies are needed to verify our findings.

Abstract:Aim To explore the relationship between the low density lipoprotein particle size, percent of small density low-density lipoprotein （sd-LDL） and the coronary artery disease with its severity. Methods Our work includes 2 groups, coronary artery disease （CAD） group （n＝60）, consecutive patients with coronary angiography （CAG） confirmed by diagnosis, and control group （n＝30）,healthy control. The LDL sub-fraction was quantified by Lipoprint system and the low density lipoprotein particle size, percent of small density low-density lipoprotein and the coronary artery disease with its severity were studied. Results Compared with control group, CAD group had smaller low density lipoprotein particle （265.0±4.2 vs 267.9±3.9, P<0.05）, increased percent of type B and small density low-density lipoprotein （43.3% vs 20.0%, （15.36%±10.74% vs 9.57%±7.55%, P<0.05）. Multivariate Logisitic regression analysis presented that BMI and sd-LDL were the independent predictions for CAD. Single faction analysis variance indicated that compared with single diseased coronary branch, the patients with multivessel disease had smaller low density lipoprotein particle （264.1±3.3 vs 265.7±3.5, P<0.05）, higher percent of small density low-density lipoprotein （16.80%±10.87% vs 11.50%±8.38%, P<0.05）. The low density lipoprotein particle size was negatively related to Gensini scores （r＝－0.430, P<0.01） and TG （r＝－0.408, P<0.01）. Conclusion Sd-LDL is obviously related to CAD occurrence, and decreased low density lipoprotein particle size and increased percent of small density low-density lipoprotein are associated with CAD severity.

Abstract:Aim To investigate the acute myocardial infarction （AMI） and the clinical characteristics associated with hyperglycemia and coronary artery angiography. Methods 58 cases of acute myocardial infarction patients were divided into two groups: stress hyperglycemia AMI group: 30 cases, with stress hyperglycemia （blood sugar≥7.0 mmol/L） normal blood glucose AMI group: 28 cases, with normal blood glucose （blood sugar≤6.1 mmol/L）. Clinical characteristics of two groups were compared. Results Comparing stress hyperglycemia AMI group and normal AMI group, in the former group the age is older, and the heart function is not complete, no reflow phenomenon is high, the case fatality rate is high. Three branch lesion and diffuse lesions are significantly different between stress hyperglycemia AMI group and normal blood glucose AMI group. Conclusion AMI patients combined with stress hyperglycemia had greater age, poor heart function, lesions associated with more anterior descending branch or the proximal right coronary artery, and high hospital mortality.

Abstract:Aim To examine the association between rs4420638 polymorphism in Apo C-1 gene and carotid intima-media thickness （IMT）and plaques. Methods A community-based cross-setional survey was carried out in 1345 participants free of myocardial infarction, stroke and cancer （male 457, female 457, aged 41 to 78 years） in Beijing. Standard methods were used for collecting data on cardiovascular disease risk factors. Carotid IMT and plaques were detected with color doppler ultrasound instrument. ApoC-1 rs4420638 polymorphism was detected with SNaPshot method. Results Participants were divided into AA, GA + GG genotype groups by the dominant model. The carriers with GA + GG genotype had significantly lower plasma hs-CRP levels than that of the carriers with AA genotype （P< 0.05）. There was no significantly difference in lipid profile （TC, TG, LDLC and HDLC） between the two groups（P>0.05）. In univariate and multivariate variance analysis, there was no significant difference in carotid intima-media thickness between the two groups （P>0.05）. By univariate and logistic regression analysis （adjustment for age, sex；age,sex and traditional risk factors）, GA + GG positive rate of carotid plaques was significantly lower than AA group （P0.02）, but after adjusted hs-CRP on the basic multivariate model, there was no significant difference （P>0.05）. Conclusions ApoC-1 gene rs4420638 was associated with hs-CRP,but not with carotid IMT or positive rate of carotid plaques （after adjusted plasma hs-CRP）.

Abstract:Due to the complexity of the pathogenesis of hypertension, the related studies have not made any breakthrough in recent years. Consequently, substantial progresses related to RH have been difficult to achieve. However, based on the in-depth understanding of the pathogenesis of hypertension, this paper provides a novel interpretaion and analysis under the concept of Integrative Medicine and results of clinical practice, and proposes practical treatment strategies as well.

Abstract:Liver X receptors （LXRs） belong to the nuclear receptor superfamily, contain two kinds of isoforms including LXRα and LXRβ. It not only regulates the expression of various kinds of target genes in the process of reverse cholesterol transport, promotes reverse cholesterol transport in vivo, but also plays an important role in the regulation of the expression of inflammatory cytokines and inflammatory mediators. Therefore, this paper mainly recount that LXR is the common platform of reverse cholesterol transport and inflammation.

Abstract:As the third endogenous gasotransmitter,hydrogen sulfide（H₂S） has swept the research field. The overwhelming majority of researches have been involved in the field of H₂S with cardiovascular homoeostasis. However,the data referred to the functions of H₂S on mammal biological lipid metabolism are still lacking. In this article,we will give a brief introduction about the role of H₂S in biological lipid metabolism and some lipid metabolism related diseases. At the end of this article,some discussions about therapies based on H₂S are presented.