Abstract:Aim We previously reported that endothelial nitric oxide synthase （eNOS） intron 4 of 27 bp repeat promoter to produce the corresponding 27-nt miRNA, which regulated expression of eNOS. This study was to investigate an intronic miRNA regulated expression of the human eNOS gene and proliferation of endothelial cells by mechanism related to the transcription factor AP1. Methods The endothelial cells proliferation inhibition rate was detected by MTT assay. Migration ability of endothelial cells was measured by scratch wound model in vitro. The protein expression level of AP1 and eNOS were detected by Western Blot. Results Overexpression of 27-nt miRNA significantly inhibited the endothelial cells proliferation （P<0.05）. Overexpression of 27-nt miRNA significantly inhibited HUVEC migration （P<0.05）. Overexpression of 27-nt miRNA significantly decreased AP1 and eNOS protein expression （P<0.05）. Overexpression of 27-nt miRNA significantly decreased eNOS protein expression by the transcription factor AP1. Conclusions The 27nt-miRNA suppresses eNOS gene expression and AP1 expression in endothelial cells. 27-nt miRNA regulated expression of the eNOS by the transcription factor AP1.

Abstract:Aim To investigate the effect of high salt diet on carotid artery remodeling and the intervention of telmisartan in Wistar rats. Methods 60 male Wistar rats were fed by normal （given 0.5% NaCl as control group）, high salt （given 8% NaCl as high salt group） and high salt＋telmisartan （given 8% NaCl＋telmisartan as intervention group） diet for 24 weeks, respectively. At the end of experiment, the rats in high salt group were subdivided into high salt hypertension group and high salt normal blood pressure group by the tail-cuff artery pressure. The changes of histology and proliferation in carotid artery were observed by HE, Masson and immunohistochemical staining. TGF-β1, p-Smad2/3, Smad7, AngⅡ, AT1 and AT2 protein expression in carotid artery were determined by immunohistochemical staining. The level of aldosterone in carotid artery was mesured by radioimunoassay. Results Media thickeness （MT）, ratio of media to lumen （MT/LD）, proliferation index （PI）, the collagen volume fraction, TGF-β1 and p-Smad2/3 were greater in high salt group than those in the control group （P＜0.05）, but telmisartan prevented these effects （P＜0.05）, Smad7 protein expression in high salt group was lower compared with control group （P＜0.05）, whereas higher in intervention group compared with high salt group （P＜0.05）. AngⅡ protein expression in high salt group and intervention group increased compared with control group （P＜0.05）. AT1 protein expression in high salt group increased compared with control group （P＜0.05）, but decreased in intervention group （P＜0.05）, high salt hypertension group and high salt normal blood pressure group was unchanged （P＞0.05）. AT2 protein expression in intervention group increased compared with high salt group and control group （P＜0.05）, control group, high salt hypertension group and high salt normal blood pressure group was unchanged （P＞0.05）. The aldosterone level in carotid arteries was greater in high salt hypertension group than that in control group and high salt normal blood pressure group （P＜0.05）, much greater than that in intervention group （P＜0.01）. Conclusions 8% NaCl diet can cause the carotid artery remodeling in Wistar rats, RAS and TGF-β1/Smads pathway may participate in the mechanism of carotid artery remodeling.Telmisartan can prevent high salt-induced remodeling of carotid artery.

Abstract:Aim To detect the anti-oxidation efficiency of vitamin E in different low density lipoprotein （LDL） oxidation models and explore the possible reasons for low antioxidant efficiency of vitamin E. Methods The active LDL oxidation model and passive LDL oxidation model were established in CLR-1730 cell line respectively. After the co-stimulation with LDL and VE for 0 h, 12 h, and co-stimulation with LPS and VE for 0 h,3 h, the mRNA and protein expression levels of human alpha-defensin-1（HNP-1）were detected by using real time PCR and ELISA. We set up 3 different VE working groups: VE added before the oxidation model（pre-VE）,vitamin E added after oxidation model（post-VE） and the control［VE（－）］. We detected malondialde （MDA）, protein carbonyl （PCO） and super oxide dlsmutase （SOD） to determine whether vitamin E interfere with the oxidation model. The level of oxygen free radicals in cells were observed by using flow cytometry and fluorescence microscopy . Results （1） The mRNA levels and protein levels of HNP-1 were increased in oxidation models （P<0.05）. （2） PCO detection among the three groups in active model showed no significant difference （P>0.05） while in passive model the pre-VE and post-VE results were significantly lower than the VE（－） （P<0.05）. PCO detection: the difference during pre-VE and post-VE in active model was not obvious, but both were significantly lower than the VE（－） （P<0.05）. SOD detection: pre-VE in active model was significantly higher than post-VE and VE（－）（P<0.05）. （3） In both oxidation models, the intracellular oxygen free radicals in the pre-VE and post-VE groups were higher than the control. Conclusion VE would not affect the establish-ment of active and passive oxidation models. The antioxidant efficiency of anti-lipid and protein oxidation is significantly different, while the activity of SOD were enhanced in both models.

Abstract:Aim To investigate the effect of peroxisome proliferator activated receptor γ （PPARγ） on the expression of CD36 and the lipid accumulation induced by high glucose in THP-1 macrophages. Methods THP-1 macrophages were incubated with 20 mmol/L D-glucose, 10 mmol/L GW9662, and 50 mg/L oxidized low density lipoprotein （ox-LDL） for 24 h, combinated or respectively. The total cholesterol contents in THP-1 macrophages were determined by high performance liquid chromatography, and the lipid accumulation was detected by oil red O stain. CD36 and PPARγ mRNA level were determined by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction （RT-PCR）, respectively. CD36 and PPARγ protein level were determined by Western blot. Results GW9662 significantly inhibited the expression of CD36 and lipid accumulation induced by high glucose in THP-1 macrophages. The expression of CD36 mRNA and protein was significantly suppressed by GW9662 （P<0.05）, intracellular lipid decreased obviously and the total cholesterol in THP-1 macrophages was markedly reduced subsequently （P<0.05）. Conclusion High glucose induces CD36 expression and lipid accumulation through the modulation of PPARγ in THP-1 macrophages.

Abstract:Aim To observe the effect of salidroside on atherosclerosis of apolipoprotein E gene knockout mice （ApoE^－/－） with intermittent hypobaric hypoxia, so as to illuminate the role of salidroside on atherogenesis. Methods Thirty eight-week-old male ApoE^－/－ mice were randomized into normobaric normoxic group （control group）, intermittent hypobaric hypoxia group （IHH）, hypobaric hypoxia＋salidroside group （intervention group） for 12 weeks. Mice in IHH group and intervention group were exposed to a hypobaric chamber mimicking the hypobaric hypoxia condition on an altitude of 5000 m for 8 hours every day, each group was fed with the same general diet, the intervention group was given salidroside 30 mg/（kg·d）, oral gavage, while the control group and IHH group were administered distilled water. Then fasting blood glucose （FBG） and plasma lipid levels were measured, paraffin sections of mice aorta roots were made. The aorta atherosclerotic lesion area and plaque collagen content were meassured by HE staining and Masson staining. Matrix metalloproteinase-2 （MMP-2） and MMP-9, tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-2 （TIMP-2） protein expression were analyzed by Western blot. Results The three groups did not statisticly differ in FBG and plasma lipid levels （P>0.05）. Compared with control group, atherosclerotic plaque area were increased significantly （P<0.01）, whereas plaque collagen content were increased in IHH group （P<0.01）. Compared with IHH group, plaque area and the protein expression of MMP-2 and MMP-9 were decreased significantly （P<0.01）, whereas plaque collagen content and the protein expression of TIMP-2 were increased in salidroside intervention group （P<0.01）. Conclusion Salidroside attenuates atherosclerosis and enhances plaque stability in ApoE^－/－ mice of IHH. The mechanism is in connection with salidroside increased plaque collagen content.

Abstract:Aim To investigate the effect of diosgenin （Dgn） on ABCA1 expression and cholesterol efflux in THP-1 derived macrophage. Methods ABCA1 expression was detected by Western blot. Cholesterol efflux was detected with liquid scintillator intracellular total cholesterol （TC）, free cholesterol （FC） and cholesterol ester （CE） were determined with HPLC and intracellular lipid droplet was stained with oil red O in THP-1-derived macrophage treated with Dgn, alone or in combination with ABCA1 siRNA. Results Dgn upregulated macrophage ABCA1 expression in dose-dependent manner. Dgn obviously facilitated macrophage cholesterol efflux, resulting in a decrease in intracellular level of TC, FC, CE and lipid droplet, and the foam cell formation. However, the action of Dgn-facilitating cholesterol efflux was almost entirely abrogated in THP-1 derived macrophage coincubated with ABCA1 siRNA, causing excessive lipid accumulation and increase formation of foam cells. Conclusion Dgn promotes macrophage ABCA1 expression and cholesterol efflux, which suppresses intracellular lipid accumulation and foam cell formation.

Abstract:Aim To investigate the effects of curcumin post-treatment on oxidative stress injury induced by myocardial ischemia/reperfusion （I/R） and its mechanism. Methods Forty-eight male SD rats were randomized into four groups: sham group, I/R group, curcumin post-treatment group and curcumin+Zinc protoporphrinⅨ （ZnPPⅨ） post-treatment group. Myocardial I/R was carried out by ligation of left anterior descending coronary artery for 30 min followed by reperfusion for 6 h, and injection of curcumin or ZnPPⅨ before reperfusion via sublingual vein. Blood was collected at the end of reperfusion for detecting changes of myocardial pathologic changes, cardiac function, serum lactate dehydrogenase （LDH）, superoxide dismutase （SOD） and malondialdehyde （MDA）. Heme oxygenase-1 （HO-1） activity and expression in myocardial tissue was detected by HO-1 activity detection kit and Western blot. Results Compared with I/R group, post-treatment with curcumin resulted in an enhanced activity and expression of HO-1 protein, and reduced oxidative stress injury induced by I/R （P<0.05）. This protective effect was considerably attenuated by ZnPPⅨ （an inhibitor of HO-1）.

Abstract:Aim To explore the effects and mechanisms involved of Danhong injection on lipid accumulation in THP-1 macrophages induced by oxidized low density lipoprotein （ox-LDL）. Methods The human THP-1 macrophages were induced by phorbol-12-myristate acetate （PMA, 160 nmol/L） for 24 h, then cells were divided into three groups: control group, ox-LDL group （100 mg/L） and Danhong group （100 mg/L ox-LDL + 30 mL/L Danhong injection）. Cellular cholesterol was examined by HPLC. Cholesterol efflux was determined by liquid scintillation counting. The protein and mRNA expression of ATP-binding cassette transporter A-1 （ABCA1） and liver X receptor α （LXRα） were detected by Western blot and RT-PCR, respectively. Results Danhong injection inhibited the lipid accumulation in THP-1 macrophage induced by ox-LDL. Cellular total cholesterol, free cholesterol and cholesterol ester were decreased by application of Danhong injection. Danhong injection increased apolipoprotein AⅠ（ApoAⅠ） mediated cholesterol efflux. In addition, Danhong injection significantly decreased the expression of ABCA1 and LXRα in both protein and mRNA levels.Conclusions Danhong injection inhibits lipid accumulation induced by ox-LDL, and the mechanisms may be related to the activation of LXRα-ABCA1 pathway and the increase of ApoAⅠ mediated cholesterol efflux in THP-1 macrophage.

Abstract:Aim To analyze the polymorphism of the CD147 gene 3′UTR rs8259 in patients with ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction （STEMI）, and to study the relation between plasma levels, genotype of CD147 and STEMI.Methods The polymorphism of CD147 was detected by polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism （PCR-RFLP） and DNA sequencing method in 162 STEMI patients and 328 healthy persons. The plasma level of CD147 was determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay （ELISA）. Results STEMI group （4.18 ± 0.95 pg/L） showed significantly higher plasma level of CD147 than control group （2.55 ± 0.29 pg/L） （P<0.01）. There was a significant difference in frequencies of alleles and genotypes in 3′UTR rs8259 of CD147 with three genotypes AA, AT and TT existed （P<0.05）. Logistic regression analysis for adjusting other risk factors displayed that AT genotypes （OR0.346, 95%CI: 0.210～0.569,P<0.05） and TT genotypes （OR0.107, 95%CI: 0.046～0.251, P<0.05） can decrease the relative risk of STEMI. Allele T carriers had low onset risk for STEMI （OR0.543, 95%CI: 0.404～0.730, P<0.05）, and allele A carriers had high risk for STEMI （OR1.841, 95%CI: 1.370～2.464, P<0.05）. The plasma level of CD147 was the highest in AA genotype （P<0.05）. Conclusions CD147 gene 3′UTR rs8259 allele A is probably the susceptible gene of STEMI. AA genotype can be at increased risk of STEMI due to enhancing the CD147 expression and allele T may be protective for STEMI.

Abstract:Aim To investigate the high density lipoprotein （HDL） subclasses distribution characteristics before and after the intervention of Pioglitazone in obesity people with impaired glucose tolerance. Methods The difference of plasma HDL subclass distribution was compared in 40 cases of healthy people and 40 cases of obesity people with glucose tolerance, to investigate the plasma HDL and class distribution characteristics in obesity people with impaired glucose tolerance. Using the randomized matching design method （the sex as the condition）,forty men were randomized,to placebo or pioglitazone （30 mg/day） for 12 weeks. The subclasses of serum HDL were determined by two dimensional gel electrophoresis in conjunction with immunodetection method and paraoxonase-1 activity by spectrophotometric assays. The correlation between the distribution of plasma HDL subclasses and the activity of PON-1 were analyzed. Results Compared to the health group, the HDL2a and HDL2b decreased while the preβ1-HDL, preβ2-HDLand HDL3a increased significantly in obesity man with glucose tolerance. Compared to the control group, the preβ1-HDL decreased while the HDL2a and HDL2b increased and activity of PON-1 increased significantly in Pioglitazone group after 12 weeks. PON-1 is positively correlated with HDL2b,and negatively correlated with preβ1-HDL. Conclusion Obese patients with abnormal glucose tolerance handicaped the mature process of serum HDL, tended to have weaker resistance from atherosclerosis. Pioglitazone improved the distribution of HDL subclass and increased the activity of PON-1 in overweight and obese men with impaired glucose tolerance,which may help reduce the incidence of premature cardiovascular disease. The activity of PON-1 is positively correlated with mature distribution of HDL subclasses.

Abstract:Aim To investigate the relativity of different kinds of leukoaraiosis （LA）, stability of carotid atherosclerosis plaque and serum Lp-PLA2. Methods All LA patients were divided into three groups according to their brain MRI: periventricular type group, subcortical type group and mixed type group. Carotid atherosclerosis plaques were detected by carotid artery ultrasonography and divided into stable palques and vulnerable plaques by their ultrasonographic images. Plaque score was calculated with crouses method. Serum Lp-PLA2 concentration was detected by acid hydrolysis of the substrate color method. Results Among the three groups, there were no statistically significant differences in the items including age, gender, blood pressure, glucose, low density lipoprotein and uric acid. The positive rates of carotid atherosclerosis plaque of subcortical type group and mixed type group were both absolutely higher than those of periventricular type group （P＜0.01）. There were marked difference of serum Lp-PLA2 concentration between each group （P＜0.05）. Serum Lp-PLA2 concentration of subcortical type group was the highest and serum Lp-PLA2 concentration of periventricular type group was the lowest. Serum Lp-PLA2 concentration of subcortical type group was postively corelated to the scores of their vulnerable plaque （r＝0.270, P＜0.05）. Conclusions Serum Lp-PLA2 may be related to instability of carotid atherosclerosis plaque and can cause plaque rupture through imflammatory mechanisms, which plays an importment role in the process of occurence and development of LA of subcortical type group.

Abstract:Aim To observe the clinical effect of atorvastatin calcium for the treatment of cerebral atterosclerosis. Methods 226 patients with cerebral arteriosclerosis were chosen as the retrospective analytic object. All cases were divided into the observation group （n121）and the control group （n105） according to treatment regimen. The control group received conventional treatment, and the observation group received additional atorvastatin calcium treatment lipid level, hemorheology, carotid intima-media thickness, plaque area, and the adverse reaction of two groups were comparatively analyzed before and after treatment, then comprehensive evaluation of the clinical effect of different treatment methods was made. Results Lipid level, hemorheology, carotid intima-media thickness of the two groups after treatment had improved,and plaque area decreased, but the control group improved significantly worse than the observation group, and the difference between two groups was significant （P<0.05）； the observation group had a total effective rate of 90.1%, better than the control group 73.3%, which had significant difference （P<0.05）. The adverse reaction rate of control group was 7.6%, observation group was 10.7%, and there was no significant difference between the two groups （P>0.05）. Conclusion On the basis of conventional therapy taking atorvastatin calcium for cerebral atherosclerosis treatment has an obvious effect, and no serious adverse reactions.

Abstract:Aim To study the relationship between peripheral blood CD4⁺CD25⁺regulatory T cell（Treg） and carotid atherosclerosis in patients with cerebral infarction. Methods The study included 56 patients with cerebral infarction and with carotid plaques confirmed by high resolution MRI, and included the same period healthy patients （control group） with 30 cases as research subjects. Patients were classified according to the characteristic findings of plaques in MRI. Levels of peripheral blood CD4⁺CD25⁺Treg was determined by flow cytometry. Results The percentage of peripheral blood CD4⁺CD25⁺Treg in infarction patients was lower than the control group（P<0.05）. The percentage of peripheral blood CD4⁺CD25⁺Treg in patients of unstable plaques group, unrupture plaques group and rupture plaques group were significantly lower compared with individuals of stable plaques group （P<0.05，P<0.01）. The percentage of peripheral blood CD4⁺CD25⁺Treg in patients of rupture plaques group was significantly lower compared with individuals of unrupture plaques group（P<0.05）. The percentage of peripheral blood CD4⁺CD25⁺Treg was negatively correlated with the stability of carotid plaques. Conclusions There was a relationship between peripheral blood CD4⁺CD25⁺Treg and carotid atherosclerosis. Low serum levels of the markers may indicate that the plaques were vulnerable or ruptured.

Abstract:Aim First, to investigate the influence of the injectable vinpocetine to QT dispersion in elderly patients with coronary heart disease, then, to assess the association between QT dispersion and coronary heart disease risk factors before treatment in elderly patients. Methods 150 cases elderly patients with coronary heart disease were randomly divided into 3 groups, including control group （fifty cases）, 30 mg group （fifty cases） and 50 mg group （fifty cases）. The control group was given conventional western medicine treatment,the treatment group was given the injectable vinpocetine （divided into 30 mg, 50 mg） on the basis of the conventional western medicine treatment, 1 time/day, 9 days as one period. The changes of QT dispersion were observed in three groups before and after the treatment,and the correlation was analysed between QT dispersion and age, gender, heart rate, body mass index, systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, pulse pressure, pulse pressure index, fasting blood sugar, total cholesterol, triglyceride, low density lipoprotein cholesterol, high density lipoprotein cholesterol before treatment. Results ①QT dispersion in comparison of the three groups before treatment had no significant difference （P>0.05） After treatment, the comparisons between 50 mg group and control group, 30 mg group respectively were significantly different（P﹤0.01 and 0.05）The comparisons between before and after treatment of 30 mg group and 50 mg group were significantly different（P﹤0.05 and 0.01）. ②Single factor correlation analysis showed, a positive significant correlation was found between QT dispersion and systolic blood pressure （r0.758, P<0.01）, pulse pressure （r0.737, P<0.01）, pulse pressure index （r0.630, P<0.01）, triglyceride（r0.251, P<0.01）, fasting blood sugar（r0.172, P<0.05） A negative significant correlation was observed between QT dispersion and diastolic blood pressure（r－0.192, P<0.05）. Multiple linear regression analysis showed an independent association between QT dispersion and pulse pressure, pulse pressure index, triglyceride.Conclusions Vinpocetine can shorten QT dispersion in elderly patients with coronary heart disease, and which was more significant in 50 mg group than 30 mg group. QT dispersion were associated with coronary heart disease risk factors in elderly patients. By testing pulse pressure, pulse pressure index, triglyceride levels in elderly patients with coronary heart disease can provide certain help to evaluate QT dispersion.

Abstract:Aim To research carotid intima-media thickness （IMT） and elasticity and blood lipid levels in patients with pregnancy-induced hypertension （PIH）. Methods 98 women with pregnancy were divided into 2 groups: 48 patients with pregnancy induced hypertension for research group （PIH group）， 50 women with pregnancy that age and gestational weeks were matched for control group. To evaluate carotid IMT, pulse wave velocity （PWV）, pressure at T1 （PT1）, augmented pressure （AP） and augmentation index （AIx） in patients ultrasound radio-frequency data （RF-data） technology was used. Serum total cholesterol （TC）, triglyceride （TG）, high density lipoprotein （HDLC）, low density lipoprotein （LDLC ）, apolipoprotein A1 （ApoA1） and apolipoprotein B100 （ApoB100） were detected and compared in each group. Results Compared with the control group, pregnant women’s test value of IMT and PWV, PT1, AP and AIx of PIH group increased, TC, TG, LDLC, ApoB100 increased, and HDLC, ApoA1/ApoB100 decreased in late pregnancy. The differences were statistically significant （all P<0.05）. After 6 months postpartum, TRIG increased and ApoA1/ApoB100 decreased compared with the control group （all P<0.05）. The differences of other indexes had no statistical significance （P>0.05）. The correlation between IMT and blood pressure and blood lipid metabolism shows，the IMT and the blood pressure and blood lipid metabolism of each index （exception of ApoB100） all have close correlation （P< 0.05）. Conclusions PIH women had change of the carotid arterial structure and elasticity and blood lipid metabolism disorder in late pregnancy. But after 6 months postpartum，the carotid structure and elasticity recovered. Lipid metabolism returned to almost normal level. Blood lipid metabolic abnormalities caused vascular elasticity and the function of change may be the cause of PIH occurred.

Abstract:Aim To compare the effects of dexmedetomidine combined with sevoflurane versus remifentanil for general anesthesia on recovery quality in hypertensive patients undergoing laparoscopy. Methods Forty ASAⅠ-Ⅲ with hypertension undergoing laparoscopy patients were randomly divided into two gyoups: dexmedetomidine group and remifentanil group. Anesthesia was induced with midazolam 0.06 mg/kg, propofol 1.5 mg/kg and fentanyl 3 μg/kg. Tracheal intubation was facilitated with cis-atracurium 0.2 mg/kg. Anesthesia was maintained with 2%～4% sevoflurane and intermittent iv boluses of cis-atracurium 0.1 mg/kg. After induction of anesthesia, dexmedetomidine was infused at 0.5 μg/（kg·h） in dexmedetomidine group and remifentanil at 0.1 μg/（kg·min） in remifentanil group. Narcotrend index was maintained between 40～60. Dexmedetomidine were withdrawn 30 min before and remifentanil and sevoflurane were stopped 5 min before the end of surgery. Time of inspiration, eye opening, extubation and orientation as well as length of post-anaesthesia care unit （PACU） stay were recorded. Follow-up evaluations were performed to assess hemodynamic variables, the need for analgesics, and side effects. Results The time of eye opening, extubation and orientation as well as length of post-anaesthesia care unit stay were not significantly different in dexmedetomidine group than those in remifentanil group. However, SBP, DBP and HR in dexmedetomidine group during extubation and 1 min after extubation were significantly lower than those in Remifentanil group and three patients in dexmedetomidine group required opiods, less than that in remifentanil group. The percentages of patients suffering restlessness, shivering or postoperative nausea and vomiting were lower in dexmedetomidine group than those in remifentanil group. Conclusion The efficacy of dexmedetomidine combined with sevoflurane anesthesia is better than remifentanil combined with sevoflurane anesthesia in hypertensive patients undergoing laproscopy.

Abstract:Aim To examine the protective effect of extracorporeal counterpulsation on endothelial dysfunction in patients with syndrome X. Methods Thirty patients with syndrome X were divided into extracorporeal counterpulsation group （n15） and routine treatment group （n15） in a randomized or single blind trial. Before and after the treatment, treatment for 3 weeks, the level of plasma endothelin-1 （ET-1） was assayed, the flow-mediated dilatation （FMD） function in brachial artery was measured by high-resolution ultrasound, and the normal group was without any treatment. Results In patients with syndrome X, the FMD function in artery was much reduced, the level of plasma ET-1 was greatly increased compared with healthy people. Before treatment the FMD function in extracorporeal counterpulsation group was not different from that of routine treatment group. After treatment the FMD function in extracorporeal counterpulsation group was markedly increased and plasma ET-1 was decreased compared with routine treatment group. Conclusion In patients with syndrome X there are endothelial lesion and endothelium-dependent vasodilatation dysfunction. Extracorporeal counterpulsation is very effective in the increasing of FMD function and relieving of myocardial ischemia in patients with syndrome X.

Abstract:Autophagy is a metabolic process for the degradation of damaged organelles or proteins in the cytoplasm via the lysosomal system. A moderate amount of autophagy has a protective effect for atherosclerosis, but excessive autophagy can lead to cell death that is not conducive to the stability of the plaque. Traditional Chinese medicine can prevent and treat atherosclerosis through many channels and multiple targets integration, which mechanism is probably related to the regulation of atherosclerosis cell autophagy. This paper is to summarize the dual role of autophagy in atherosclerosis, regulation of autophagy on the significance of intervention of atherosclerosis, the influence of traditional Chinese medicine of autophagy and its potential significance in the prevention of atherosclerosis.

Abstract:Atherosclerosis （As） is a chronic inflammatory disease, and has relationship with self-immunity. Vulnerable plaque is crime culprit of most of acute cardiovascular events. Macrophage plays an essential role on plaque vulnerability of As. This paper focuses on how macrophage influences plaque vulnerability of As through “DAMP-PRR”pathway, and discusses new anti-As treatment therapy.

Abstract:Macrophages are closely related to the initiation and progression of atherosclerosis, and the macrophages which are distributed in the atherosclerotic plaque can be subdivided into different subsets of M1 macrophages and M2 macrophages and so on. The different subtypes perform different function and the different subpopulations may influence the disease process in different way, so to treat atherosclerosis by the drug to control differentiation of macrophages subsets might be a new therapeutic target.

Abstract:Cardiac rehabilitation is a comprehensive program designed to reduce the risk of acute cardiovascular events and sudden death, limit the effects and symptoms of cardiovascular disease, delay the progression of disease and promote the reintegration of patients. Nowadays, the benefits of cardiac rehabilitation have been widely evidenced, and the aerobic exercise based cardiac rehabilitation program has been seen as a therapy for cardiovascular disease being recommended in latest updated guidelines. Unfortunately,its implementation is rare in our country. This article reviews the beneficial evidences of cardiac rehabilitation for different candidates, aiming to provide new reference for the utilization of it.