Abstract:Aim The present study was to investigate the protective effects of oxymatrine （OMT） on regulation of the expression of cytosolic phospholipase A2 （cPLA2）,cyclooxygenase-1 （COX-1）,COX-2 and prostacyclin synthase （PGIS） in isoproterenol-induced rat heart failure. Methods Heart failure was induced in Sprague-Dawley rats by 5 mg/kg isoproterenol （ISO） subcutaneous injection for 7 days.The rats,maintained on a normal diet,were randomly divided into five groups given control,oxymatrine （100 mg/kg） alone,ISO and ISO with oxymatrine （100 mg/kg or 50 mg/kg）.In groups of ISO and ISO with oxymatrine （100 mg/kg or 50mg/kg）,saline or oxymatrine was administered orally for 7 days prior to the ISO administration.ISO （5 mg/kg） was administered subcutaneously for 7 days with saline or oxymatrine.In groups of control and oxymatrine （100 mg/kg） alone,saline was administered subcutaneously for 7 days.Serum brain natriuretic peptide （BNP） level,haemodynamic parameters,histopathological variables and expression of protein levels were analysed. Results Oral administration of OMT significantly inhibited ISO-induced heart failure,as evaluated by serum BNP and haemodynamic parameters,and histological examinations.Coadministration of oxymatrine increased myocardial level of COX-2 and PGIS,and inhibited COX-1 expression in ISO-induced heart failure rat.Whereas the protein level for cPLA2 was markedly increased by ISO,OMT exerted no effects on ISO-induced elevated protein cPLA2 expression.Compared with control group,any indexes in sham rats treated with OMT （100 mg/kg） alone were unaltered （all P＞0.05）. Conclusion Our results suggest that the favourable effects of oxymatrine for management of heart failure are probably achieved by regulation of the COX-1,COX-2 and PGIS expression.

Abstract:Aim To investigate the protective effect of pretreatment with Gentiopicroside on transverse aortic constriction （TAC） -induced myocardial hypertrophy. Methods 40 male C57BL mice were randomly divided into two groups: sham group（n6） and myocardial hypertrophy model group（n32）.Mice in myocardial hypertrophy group were operated transverse aortic constriction.24 h later,the mice in myocardial hypertrophy group were randomly divided into 4 groups: myocardial hypertrophy model group,Gentiopicroside high,middle and low dose group,which were given physiological saline and different doses of Gentiopicroside for 4 weeks.Echocardiogram was performed to assess the cardiac function changes.Heart weight to body weight ratio（HW/BW）,heart weight/tibial length（HW/TL）,left ventricular end-diastolic diameter（LVEDD）,left ventricular end-systolic diameter（LVESD）,left ventricular ejection fraction （LVEF） and left ventricular fractional shortening （FS） were measured.The expression levels of atrial natriuretic peptide （ANP）,brain natriuretic peptide （BNP）,and β-myosin heavy chain （β-MHC） in heart tissues and the size of cardiomyocytes were also observed. Results Compared with myocardial hypertrophy model group,the LVEDD decreased 24.9% in Gentiopicroside group（especially dose up to 10.0 mg/（kg·d）,the LVESD decreased 26.3%；while the LVEF increased 49.5%,the FS increased 62.6%,respectively（P<0.01）.The HW/BW and the cardiac myocyte cross-sectional area showed a decrease in Gentiopicroside group compared with myocardial hypertrophy model group（P<0.01）,while still increased significantly compared with the normal control group.The expression of ANP,BNP and β-MHC in Gentiopicroside group were lower than those in myocardial hypertrophy model group（P<0.05）. Conclusion Gentiopicroside can intervene the progress of pressure overload-induced myocardial hypertrophy in C57BL mice.

Abstract:Aim To study the immunization effects of B epitopes of heat shock protein 65 on the atherosclerosis plaque formation of high fat diets animals. Methods By using two functional epitopes P1（179-190）,P2（31-46）of HSP65 related to inflammatory autoimmune disease,high-level expression vector of pET28a-CTB-p117 was built with CTB as a carrier protein.The fusion protein of CTB-p117 was acquired by expression and purification process and used to immunize the animals by subcutaneous and intracutaneous injections. Results Anti-HSP65 antibodies were induced and both blood total cholesterol levels and aortic As plaques significantly increased compared with control group （P<0.05）.Conclusions The HSP65 epitopes （CTB as the carrier protein） were able to aggravate As plaque formation after subcutaneous injections which could be the reasons that the induced anti-HSP65 antibodies promoted inflammatory reaction,lipid metabolic changes,and then accelerate the As plaque formation.The above HSP65 epitopes can be used to construct the anti-As vaccine to inhibit the As plaque formation by different immunization way.

Abstract:Aim To investigate the mechanism of statins to prevent and cure atherosclerosis （As） by the study of pravastatin sodium changes mouse macrophages polarity and anti-inflammatory action. Methods Supernatant from L929 cells was used to induce mice bone marrow cells into M0 macrophages,then it was stimulated by LPS plus IFN-γ,and makde into M1 macrophages,after that it was given 50 μmol/L pravastatin sodium,TLR4 specific receptor inhibitor for 12 h,then intervented with inhibition of 50 μmol/L pravastatin sodium.ELISA was used to detect cells secretion factors,such as the level of IL-10 and IL-12.Flow cytometry was to detect the cell membrane surface antigen expression of CD16/32,CD206.Fluorescence quantitative polymerase chain reaction （PCR） was to detect the expression of TLR4,MyD88 and IRF5 mRNA. Results The expression of IL-12,CD16/32 and TLR4,MyD88,IRF5 mRNA in M1 macrophages were increased,but the expression of IL-10,CD206 were higher,TLR4,MyD88,and IRF5 mRNA were lower in macrophages treated by pravastatin sodium （P＜0.05）.Compared with the 50 μmol/L pravastatin sodium group,the effect of TLR4 specific receptor inhibitor for 12 h,then interventing with inhibition of 50 μmol/L pravastatin sodium group was not obvious （P＞0.05）. Conclusions Pravastatin sodium can change macrophage polarity which plays a role of anti-inflammatory.It may affect the TLR4 -MyD88-IRF5 signaling transduction pathway,playing the effect of anti-As.

Abstract:Aim To investigate the effect of Tanshinone ⅡA on endothelial cells’ cyclooxygenase-2 （COX-2） expression and the relative mechanisms. Methods Human aortic endothelial cells were incubated in vitro and then co-cultured with angiotension Ⅱ （100 nmol/L）,Tanshinone ⅡA （1 μmmol/L） and no drugs respectively for 10 minutes,1 hour and 2 hours.The expressions of COX-2 mRNA were measured by real time-PCR and COX-2,p38MAPK,p-p38MAPK,NF-κB and p-NF-κB protein levels were measured by Western blot assay. Results AngiotensionⅡ could induce the expression of COX-2 mRNA and protein （P<0.01） as the same as the phosphorylation of p38MAPK and NF-κB （P<0.01）.Incubating human aortic endothelial cells with angiotensionⅡ and Tanshinone ⅡA suppressed the expression of COX-2 （P<0.01） and the phosphorylation of p38MAPK and NF-κB was also decreased （P<0.01）. Conclusion Tanshinone ⅡA could suppress the expression of COX-2 and it may be achieved through inhibiting the phosphorylation of p38MAPK and NF-κB.

Abstract:Aim To observe the anti-apoptosis effect and expression of microRNA-133a （miR-133a） in rat myocardium of heart failure after myocardial infarction （MI）. Methods Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into four groups randomly: ①Sham group: rats were dealt with open-chest ②MI group: rats were operated by left anterior descending coronary artery ligation ③rAAV9 group: rats were operated by left anterior descending coronary artery ligation after transfected with rAAV9-ZsGreen by coronary injection ④miR-133a group: rats were operated by left anterior descending coronary artery ligation after transfected with rAAV9-ZsGreen-pre-miR-133a by coronary injection.Feeding for eight weeks,expressions of miR-133a and mRNA of transgelin-2 （TAGLN2）,Caspase-9 and Bcl-2 were detect by real-time PCR,immunohistochemistry and Western blot were used to determine protein level of TAGLN2,Caspase-9 and Bcl-2. Results The miR-133a expression of MI group decreased obviously compared with sham group （2.963±0.461 vs.12.518±2.21）.The mRNA and protein level of TAGLN2 and Caspase-9 both increased in MI group versus sham group,while Bcl-2 expression decreased in MI group.The expression of miR-133a was up-regulated after rAAV9-ZsGreen-pre-miR-133a coronary injection,the mRNA and protein level of TAGLN2 and Caspase-9 were reduced in the same group,while Bcl-2 expression increased. Conclusions The down-regulation of miR-133a in failure heart after MI could decrease its degradation and inhibiting effects to TAGLN2 and Caspase-9,thus promote myocardial apoptosis.Myocardial apoptosis may be alleviated by over-expressed miR-133a.

Abstract:Aim To induce myocardial fibrosis by establishing type 2 diabetes mellitus rat model,and explore prevention and treatment mechanism about Apelin-13 which is one subtype of endogenous ligand of proteins related to the angiotensin Ⅱ type 1 receptor for myocardial fibrosis of diabetes mellitus rats. Methods High fat and sugar diet combined with intravenous injection of a small dose of streptozotocin （STZ） was used to build type 2 diabetes mellitus rat model.48 Wistar rats were randomly divided into four groups: control group,model group,Apelin-13 group,blocker group （SB431542 group）.Rats in different groups were given homologous intervention for 12 weeks,specimens were collected for Masson staining to observe morphological changes and interstitial collagen deposition of myocardial,and collagen volume fraction （CVF） was measured.Contents of collagen Ⅰ and Ⅲ in myocardial tissue were detected by ELISA.Expressions of transforming growth factor-β1 （TGF-β1）,TGF-β1 receptorⅠ（TβRⅠ） were measured with immunohistochemical staining.Expressions of pathway protein smad2,p-smad2,smad3 and p-smad3 were measured by Western blot. Results Compared with control group,CVF and contents of collagenⅠand Ⅲ of myocardial tissue in model group increased obviously,accompanied with the increasing of signal transduction pathway protein TGF-β1,TβRⅠ,smad2,p-smad2,smad3 and p-smad3 （P<0.01）.Compared with model group,myocardial fibrosis dicators （CVF,collagenⅠand Ⅲ） in rats who received Apelin-13 or SB431542 significantly reduced,expressions of all pathways protein in Apelin-13 group were adjusted downward significantly （P<0.01）,differences of TGF-β1,TβRⅠhad no statistically significance between SB431542 and model group （P＞0.05）,expressions of other signal protein were obviously decreased （P<0.01）. Conclusions Exogenous Apelin-13 can restrain myocardial fibrosis in diabetes mellitus rats by weakening excessive activation of TGF-β1/TβR/smads signal transduction pathway.

Abstract:Aim To study the protective effect of Dl-n-butylphthalide on neurovascular unit in rats following chronic cerebral hypoperfusion. Methods Forty-eight Wistar rats were randomly divided into sham group,hypoperfusion model group and butylphthalide group.In the rats assigned to the ischemic model group and butylphthalide group,the bilateral common carotid arteries were ligated.The ultrastructure change on neurovascular unit was evaluated by electron microscopy. Results Compared with hypoperfusion model group,butylphthalide has a protective role of neurovascular unit in decreasing endothelial cells edema,reducing neuronal mitochondrial crista fragmentation.Butylphthalide can reduce the neurovascular unit micro environment disturbance. Conclusion Treatment with butyphthalide improved the neurovascular unit of hypoperfused rats.

Abstract:Aim To explore the protective effect of uric acid on human umbilical vein endothelial cell （HUVEC） injury induced by oxidative stress and its underlying mechanism. Methods HUVEC were divided into four groups: control group,tert-butyl hydroperoxide （t-BHP）-treated group,uric acid-treated group,t-BHP plus uric acid-treated group.Cell viability was evaluated by MTT assay.Intracellular reactive oxygen species （ROS） level was detected by DCFH-DA fluorescence probe.Cell apoptosis was determined by flow cytometry.NF-E2-related factor 2 （Nrf2） expressions in the mRNA and protein level were analyzed by qRT-PCR and Western blot,respectively. Results t-BHP treatment caused significant decline in cell viability of HUVEC,which was attenuated by uric acid treatment.Moreover,intracellular ROS level was down-regulated in t-BHP plus uric acid-treated group compared with t-BHP-treated group.Cell apoptosis rate exhibited similar trend.All four groups exhibited similar Nrf2 mRNA level.However,the nuclear translocation of Nrf2 was elevated significantly in both uric acid-treated group and t-BHP plus uric acid-treated group. Conclusions Uric acid could prevent HUVEC from oxidative stress possibly via Nrf2 nuclear translocation and activation.

Abstract:Aim To explore the effect of gender on （brachial-ankle pulse wave velocity baPWV）. Methods Cross-sectional study was used in our study.We studied the baPWV of 5 440 workers in the Kailuan study cohort from 2006 to 2007,and 5 222 cases who took part in the third examination in 2010 to 2011 with complete data included in the final statistical analysis.Multiple linear regression and multiple logistic regression analysis were used to test the impact of gender on baPWV. Results The age adjusted mean value of baPWV was significantly higher in males than that in females（1570.19±300.53 cm/s vs 1507.93±301.27 cm/s,P<0.05）.After adjusting for age,systolic blood pressure,fasting blood glucose ,smoking,alcohol consumption and hypertension,diabetes mellitus,and other confounding factors,in the <60 age group baPWV was significantly higher in males than in females,and showed no difference between different genders in >60 year old group.In the <60 age group,after adjusted for age,low density lipoprotein cholesterol,fasting blood glucose,smoking,alcohol consumption and hypertension,female was an independent safety factor for baPWV accelerated ［OR（95%）0.74（0.59～0.93）］,compared with male. Conclusion The effect of age on baPWV are larger in females than in males.baPWV was lower in females than in males until age 60,and became similar in both genders over age 60.

Abstract:Aim To explore the changes of urine albumin and renal blood flow parameters and their relationship in the type 2 diabetic nephropathy patients with hypertension. Methods 75 cases of type 2 diabetic nephropathy patients with hypertension,according to urinary albumin excretion rate （UAER）,were divided into 3 groups: microalbuminuria group,clinical proteinuria group and mass albuminuria group.30 healthy persons were as normal control group.Bloodstream spectrums of bilateral master renal arteries （MRA） and interlobar renal arteries （IRA） were detected by using color Doppler flow imaging （CDFI） and color Doppler energy imaging （CDEI）.The detective indexes of various groups were compared,and the relationships between renal blood flow and UAER changes were analyzed. Results The pulsatile index and resistance index （RI） differences of both kidney in type 2 diabetic nephropathy patients with hypertension had statistical significance compared to normal control group （P<0.05）.The pulsatile index and RI were increased with urine albumin excretion enhancing （P<0.05）.Systolic Vmax,diastolic Vmin,RI,HAAC,and SAT of MRA and IRA in clinical proteinuria group,mass albuminuria group were markedly different from those in normal control group.Pearson correlation analysis showed that the Vmax,Vmin and RI of MRA and IRA had significant correlation with UAER. Conclusion Renal arteries blood flow indexes detected by CDFI and CDEI can provide an important basis for the early diagnosis and evaluation of prognosis of clinical diabetic nephropathy.

Abstract:Aim To investigate the relationship between hepatitis B virus infection and coronary heart disease.Methods 2974 patients according to coronary angiography results were divided into coronary heart disease group and non coronary heart disease group.The relationship between HBsAg positive rate and coronary artery lesion range and the degree was investigated. Results 2974 cases of patients,HBsAg positive rate had statistical significance difference in coronary heart disease group and non coronary heart disease group （P<0.05）.The incidence of coronary heart disease in HBsAg positive people was 1.230 times of HBsAg negative people （OR＝1.230,95%CI＝1.092～1.385,P0.004）.The severity of coronary artery disease,lesion vessels had statistically significant differences in HBsAg positive group and HBsAg negative group （P<0.05）.After adjustment of confounding factors such as systolic pressure,diastolic blood pressure,creatinine,carotid intima-media thickness （IMT） and HBsAg positive,HBsAg positive still was an independent risk factor of coronary heart disease.The risk of coronary heart disease was 1.701 times when HBsAg was positive （OR＝1.701,95%CI＝1.119～2.586,P0.013）. Conclusion There exists correlation between hepatitis B virus infection and coronary heart disease,and the probability of HBsAg positive people suffering from coronary heart disease may increase.

Abstract:Aim To observe the effect of different atorvastatin calcium loading doses on prognosis of unstable angina pectoris （UAP） patients before percutaneous coronary intervention （PCI）. Methods 90 UAP patients were randomly divided into 3 groups （30 patients per group）,after admission,the low-dose group was given 20 mg of atorvastatin calcium everyday in combination with 20 mg of atorvastatin calcium 2 h to 4 h before PCI.The medium-dose group was given 40 mg of atorvastatin calcium everyday in combination with 40 mg of atorvastatin calcium 2 h to 4 h before PCI.The high-dose group was given 60 mg of atorvastatin calcium everyday in combination with 60 mg of atorvastatin calcium 2 h to 4 h before PCI.All patients underwent PCI within 48 h to 72 h after admission.Observe the changes of creatine kinase isoenzyme （CKMB）,cardiac troponin I （cTnI）,high-sensitivity C-reactive protein （hs-CRP） of each group before and after PCI and the major adverse cardiac events （MACE） within 30 days after PCI. Results cTnI and hs-CRP of high-dose group after 24 hours of operation were significantly lower than the low-dose group （P<0.05）.The incidence of myocardial infarction related to PCI of low-dose group,medium-dose group and high-dose group of patients was 23%,13% and 0% （P<0.01） respectively.The incidence of MACE of high-dose group was significantly lower than low dose-group （23% versus 0%,P＝0.005）.The follow-up for 30 days after PCI,three groups had no death and target vessels reascularization event occur. Conclusion Short-term pretreatment with 60 mg atorvastatin calcium each day can reduce significantly procedural myocardial infarction in UAP patients undergoing elective PCI.

Abstract:Aim To evaluate the effects on inflammatory factors,lipoprotein（a） in hypertension patients by adding persimmon leaves flavonoid preparation in conventional antihypertensive therapy. Methods According to the inclusion and exclusion criteria strictly,from Jun to Dec 2013,90 hypertensive patients graded 1～2 were included and randomly divided into three groups: persimmon leaves flavonoid preparation group （valsartan and Naoxinqing tablets）,simvastatin group （valsartan and simvastatin）,and control group （valsartan）,30 patients per group.Serum tumor necrosis factor-α （TNF-α）,interleukin-1 （IL-1）,IL-6,IL-8,C-reactive protein （CRP）,endothelin （ET） and lipoprotein（a） ［Lp（a）］ were determined by protein chip method before the therapy and 6 months later. Results After treatment,the inflammatory factors and Lp（a） levels of persimmon leaves flavonoid preparation group and simvastatin group were lower than control group （P<0.01）,but there were no significant differences on inflammatory factors and Lp（a） levels between the persimmon leaves flavonoid preparation group and the simvastatin group （P>0.05）.The blood pressure of patients in control group was significantly reduced after treatment （P<0.05）.The blood pressure of patients with the therapy of persimmon leaves flavonoid preparation and simvastatin decreased more than that of control group （P<0.05）,and low density lipoprotein cholesterol （LDLC） and triglyceride （TG） were reduced （P<0.05）. Conclusions The blood pressure of hypertensives will significantly be depressed after therapy of persimmon leaves flavonoid preparation and simvastatin.In addition,medicine effect of persimmon leaves flavonoid preparation and simvastatin can lead to reduce level of serum inflammatory factors and Lp（a） in hypertension patients.

Abstract:Aim To explore the relationship between plasma β2-microglobulin （β2-MG）,ankle-brachial index （ABI） and blood pressure variability （BPV） in aged patients with hypertension. Methods 269 cases of aged patients with primary hypertension and 186 cases of middle aged patients with primary hypertension,were compared with 178 cases of aged healthy check-up.Analysis of variance was used to analyze the blood pressure variability rate and plasma β2-MG among the groups.According to ABI the aged patients with hypertension group was divided into two subgroups: ABI＜0.9 subgroup （74 cases） and ABI≥0.9 subgroup （195 cases）,and the blood pressure variability and plasma β2-MG between two subgroups were compared. Results The 24 h systolic blood pressure variability （24hSBPV） and 24 h diastolic blood pressure variability （24hDBPV） in aged patients with hypertension group were significantly increased,compared with the aged control group （21.50%±4.01% vs 15.16%±5.17%,15.99%±4.28% vs 11.24%±3.83%） and middle-aged hypertension group （21.50%±4.01% vs 19.34%±6.28%,15.99%±4.28% vs 13.91%±5.43%） （P<0.05）.24hSBPV,24hDBPV,and plasma β2-MG of ABI＜0.9 subgroup were higher than those of ABI≥0.9 subgroup （P<0.05）. Conclusion Both blood pressure variability and the level of plasma β2-MG in aged patients with hypertension are increased The blood pressure variability and the level of plasma β2-MG in aged patients with hypertension accompanying ABI＜0.9 are increased more significantly.

Abstract:Aim To probe into the clinical application value of citicoline combined with puerarin treating vascular dementia. Methods From February 2008 to February 2013,112 vascular dementia patients were selected in our hospital.The patients were divided into observation group and control group with randomized block.There were 56 cases in each group.The patients in two groups received clinical drug of citicoline.The patients in observation group received citicoline combined with puerarin treatment.The situation of clinical treatment,HDS score,improved situation of clinical indicators in two groups were compared and analyzed. Results Compared with the patients in control group,the ratios of significant efficiency and overall efficiency for clinical treatment were increased significantly,the ratio of inefficiency was decreased significantly in observation group,there was statistical significance （P<0.05）.Compared with the patients in control group,HDS scores of the patients in observation group after treatment were improved significantly,which were statistically significant （P<0.05）.Compared with the patients in control group,in the patients of observation group after treatment,the mean velocity （VM） and pulsatility index （PI） were improved significantly,which were statistically significant （P<0.05）. Conclusions Citicoline combined with puerarin could promote the overall improvement in the clinical treatment of vascular dementia patients actively in short term.

Abstract:Aim To compare the one-year outcome of homemade durable drug-eluting stents （Partner） with bioabsorbable drug-eluting stents （Excel） in patients undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention （PCI）. Methods Patients with coranary heart disease were simultaneously received Partner and Excel stents implantation in different coronary arteries.PCI characteristics,clinical symptoms and coronary angiography after one year were analyzed. Results From December 2010 to April 2013,202 patients were treated with Partner and Excel stents simultaneously in different vascular.Finally,107 patients were involved in this study.The average length of stents were 26.4±12.4 mm vs 28.2±11.5 mm （P>0.05）,the average diameter of stents was 3.035±0.455 mm vs 3.076±0.432 mm （P>0.05）.There were no acute myocardiac infarction and stent thrombosis occurred.The restenosis rates were 8.4% in Partner group and 7.5% in Excel group resperctively （P>0.05）.No difference was observed in the changes of side branches. Conclusion In this “real-world” study,the followup outcomes were similar between homemade durable DES （Partner） and bioabsorbable DES （Excel）.

Abstract:Nowadays,cardio-cerebrovascular disease is a major cause of death in China.As a common pathogenic basis of coronary heart disease and stroke,atherosclerosis is a complex pathological process which is controlled by multiple factors.With its unique effects on anti-oxidation,anti-inflammation,cholesterol-lowering and improving endothelial function,probucol has been clinically used in preventing and treating atherosclerosis and coronary artery restenosis after angioplasty for decades.This review describes the situation and prospect in the research of probucol and its derivatives in treating atherosclerosis and restenosis from several aspects such as its mechanism,clinical application and the exploitation of its derivatives.

Abstract:density lipoprotein （HDL） exhibits antiatherogenic properties for its functions in reverse cholesterol transport,antioxidant,anti-inflammation,anti-thrombosis and protection of vascular endothlial cells.Accumulating evidence has revealed that HDL levels are not positively related with their functions in the patients with atherosclerosis,metabolic syndrome,chronic inflammation or immune system disease.HDL,especially its protein composition,is susceptible to chemical modification including oxidation or glycation and may lose its beneficial role against atherosclerosis,even exhibit pro-atherogenic effect,such as proinflammatory and prooxidation.

Abstract:miRNAs are a class of highly conserved small molecules of about 18～24 nucleotides non-coding RNAs regulating gene expression by binding to the specific target gene mRNA 3′-UTR.It has been shown that miRNAs are related to the process of cell proliferation,differentiation,apoptosis,embryonic development,tissue and organ formation as well as the development of a variety of diseases.Recently,studies have shown that some miRNAs play an important role in regulation function of human endothelial cell.In this review,we focus on discussing miRNAs’role in the regulation function of human endothelial cell.

Abstract:Insulin resistance is a major pathophysiologic characteristic of type 2 diabetes mellitus （T2DM）.Recent studies have suggested that apelin,a novel adipokine,is involved in the transition from normal to diabetic status.Here we reviewed the progress on the correlation between apelin and T2DM by elucidating the roles of apelin on insulin secretion,insulin sensitivity and the metabolism of insulin responsive organs.