Abstract:Aim To analyze the DNA demethylation effect of 5-aza-2′-deoxycytidine （5-Aza-CdR） on the expression of apolipoprotein A （ApoA） and its mechanisms in HepG2 cells. Methods HepG2 cells, high ApoA expression cell lines, were selected for our study. ①In order to get an appropriate drug concentration and effect time, HepG2 cells were treated with different concentration（0, 10, 20, 40, 80 μmol/L） and different time （12, 24, 48, 72, 96 h）, then the relative survival ratio of HepG2 cells were detected by methyl thiazolyl tetrazolium （MTT） method. ②mRNA and protein level of ApoA and farnesoid X receptor （FXR） were measured by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction （RT-PCR） and Western blot respectively in HepG2 cells which was treated with 5-Aza-CdR. ③DNA methylation status of FXR gene promoter in different 5-Aza-CdR concentration was analyzed by bisulfite sequencing PCR （BSP）. Results ①Results of MTT: compared with control group, at different time point （12, 24, 48, 72 h）, the survival ratio of HepG2 cells had no significant difference in 10, 20, 40 μmol/L groups （P>0.05）. But in group of 20 μmol/L 96 h, 40 μmol/L 96 h, 80 μmol/L 24 h, 80 μmol/L 48 h, 80 μmol/L 72 h and 80 μmol/L 96 h, the survival ratio of HepG2 cells had obviously significant difference. We chose 0-40 μmol/L as safe concentration range, and selected 0-72 h as appropriate time. ②Results of RT-PCR: compared with control group, the expression of ApoA mRNA were down-regulated by 5-Aza-CdR dose dependently, while the expression of FXR mRNA were up-regulated by 5-Aza-CdR dose dependently, and obvious change appeared at 40 μmol/L 72 h （P<0.05）. ③Results of Western blot: compared with control group, the expression of ApoA were down-regulated by 5-Aza-CdR dose dependently, while the expression of FXR were up-regulated by 5-Aza-CdR dose dependently, and obvious change appeared at 40 μmol/L 72 h （P<0.05）. ④Results of BSP: with the increase of concentration of 5-Aza-CdR, the methylation status of FXR gene promoter was gradually reduced, and the methylation ratio of control group was 58.3%, the 40 μmol/L group was 8.3%. Conclusion 5-Aza-CdR can promote the expression of FXR through the demethylation effect, then down-regulate the expression of ApoA.

Abstract:Aim To investigate the effect of metformin on intimal hyperplasia after arterial injury and explore the underlying mechanisms. Methods Male SD rats were randomly divided into control group, carotid arterial balloon injury group and carotid arterial balloon injury plus metformin group, 15 rats in each group. After the intervention for three weeks, the histological structure of carotid artery was evaluated by HE staining, the expressions of matrix metalloproteinase （MMP）-2 and MMP-9 were determined by real-time PCR, Western blot and immunohistochemistry staining. Results Intimal hyperplasia was caused by carotid arterial balloon injury. The expressions of MMP-2 and MMP-9 in carotid artery were significantly upregulated after balloon injury （P<0.01）. Treatment of metformin attenuated the upregulation of MMP-2 and MMP-9 and inhibited intimal hyperplasia induced by arterial injury （P<0.05 or P<0.01）. Conclusions Metformin may prevent intimal hyperplasia through inhibiting MMP-2 and MMP-9 expression after arterial injury.

Abstract:Aim To observe the expression of FLVCR and BCRP at different time points and effects of traditional herbal medicines NTE （ extract of HuangQi,Chuan Xiong,Di Long,Jiang Can） on FLVCR and BCRP after Focal Cerebral Ischemia in rats. Methods The experiment is carried out by two steps. Firstly , SD rats were randomly divided into 2 h, 6 h, 12 h, 24 h, 72 h groups, after operation of middle cerebral artery occlusion（MCAO）, FLVCR , BCRP and FLVCR -mRNA ,BCRP -mRNA expressions were detected by immunohistochemistry and RT-PCR just at 2 h, 6 h, 12 h, 24 h, 72 h time points.

Abstract:Aim To investigate the effects and mechanisms of high glucose on the migration of vascular smooth muscle cells （VSMC）. Methods VSMC were isolated from rat arteriae aorta. The 3rd～5th VSMC were incubated with low glucose （5.5 mmol/L）, high glucose （25 mmol/L） or mannitol （5.5 mmol/L glucose＋19.5 mmol/L mannitol）. After 24 h, VSMC migration was assayed with modified Boyden chamber. The effects of high glucose on F-actin cytoskeleton were analysed by immunofluorescence technique. The gene expression of α-SMA, osteopontin （OPN）, MMP-2 and MMP-9 was determined by real time RT-PCR. Results The migration of VSMC was obviously increased when the cells were cultured with high glucose. Compared with the low glucose group, mRNA levels of MMP-2 and MMP-9 increased obviously in the high glucose group. Moreover, high glucose induced VSMC conversion from contractile phenotype to synthetic phenotype and led to the reorganization of cytoskeleton. Conclusion High glucose promotes the migration of VSMC via complex mechanisms, involved in regulating VSMC phenotype transformation, increasing MMP expression and reorganizing cytoskeleton.

Abstract:Aim To investigate the efficacy of the double coated compound drug-eluting stent of As₂O₃ and CD133⁺antibody to repair vascular endotelium and prevent smooth musle cell poliferation. Methods 65 China miniature pigs were fed with no-fat diet for 4 weeks, then divided into 3 groups: sham group, stent implantation group, ballon injury group. Four weeks later, coronary evaluting with OCT was performed, the plasma TFPI-2 level was checked and coronary artery tissue was used for immunohistology analysis. Results The OCT images showed that the coronary plaque enlarged significantly,endothelium and fibrous cap obviously thickened in ballon injury group, and the sham group was normal,the group B was found between the two. The coronary intima/media thickness ratio was 2.12±0.74 in balloon group,1.74±0.66 in stent implantation group and 1.52±0.47 in sham group. Intima/media area ratio was 2.23±0.72 in balloon group, 2.01±0.56 in stent implantation group and 1.89±0.27 in sham group . The plasma TFPI-2 level: sham group, stent implantation group, ballon injury group was 135.2±22.6 μg/L，127.2±23.4μg/L，52.4±22.6 μg/L respectively The sham group and stent implantation group were similar, but the balloon injury group were significantly decreased, the difference was statistically significant （P<0.01）. Western blot results: TIFI-2 and β -actin ratio of group sham group, stent implantation group, ballon injury group were 2.45 ± 0.22, 2.22 ± 0.26, 1.27 ± 0.33 respectively TFPI-2 in normal arterial tissues expressed less The expression level of TFPI-2 in double coated compound drug-eluting stent and sham group were similar with no significant difference （P>0.05）. Balloon injury group expression was significantly decreased, the difference was statistically significant （P<0.01）. Conclusion The double coated compound drug-eluting stent could promote the endothelium to produce TPFI-2，enhance the plasma TFPI-2 level, and then reduce the formation of stent thrombosis in possible. Otherwise,it could decrease in-stent intimal hyperplasia.

Abstract:Aim To investigate the correlation between risk factors of cardiovascular and cerebro-vascular disease and carotid atherosclerosis. Methods From August 2010 to August 2013, 916 subjects were eligibly enrolled from health care center. Participants were classified into four groups, namely, 0 risk factor group （control group, n226）, 1 risk factor group （n239）, 2 risk factors group （n234）, and ≥3 risk factors group （n217） according to the incorporated number of risk factors. Carotid artery ultrasound examination and blood biochemical tests were performed in all participants. Results The incidence of plaque was 7.52% in control group, 15.06% in 1 risk factor group, 23.93% in 2 risk factors group, and 45.16% in ≥3 risk factors group. From control group to ≥3 risk factors group, incidence of carotid artery plaque was significantly increased （P<0.01）. Intima-media thickness was 0.94±0.32 mm in control group, 1.12±0.34 mm in 1 risk factor group, 1.25±0.33 mm in 2 risk factors group, and 1.37±0.39 mm in ≥3 risk factors group. Crouse scores was 0.24±0.64 in control group, 0.58±1.21 in 1 risk factor group, 0.85±1.26 in 2 risk factors group, and 1.32±1.64 in ≥3 risk factors group. There were significant increments in carotid artery intima-media thickness and Crouse scores from control group to ≥3 risk factors group （P<0.01）. Control group was as referee, the incidence of plaque was 1.27 times in 1 risk factor group, 2.31 times in 2 risk factor group, and 4.68 times in ≥3 risk factors group （all P<0.01）. Conclusion There was combined synergy effect between risk factors on carotid atherosclerosis and plaque.

Abstract:Aim To investigate the effect of soluble epoxide hydrolase inhibitor （sEHi） 12-（3-adamantan-1-y1-ureido）-dodecanoic acid （AUDA） on vascular endothelial growth factor （VEGF） expression of early endothelia1 progenitor cells in patients with carotid stenosis （CS）. Methods Mononuclear cells from the peripheral blood of CS patients were isolated by ficoll density gradient centrifugation and cultured. After 7 days of culture in vitro, attached cells were collected. Early endothelia1 progenitor cells were identified by double staining and flow cytometry. Early endothelia1 progenitor cells were then stimulated by 0, 0.1, 1, 10 μmol/L of AUDA for 24 h. The expression of VEGF in early endothelia1 progenitor cells was measured by Western blot. Early endothelial progenitor cells from age and gender matched healthy subjects were also cultured as controls. Results The expression of VEGF in early endothelia1 progenitor cells from CS patients was obviously damaged compared with those from healthy controls. The AUDA could dose-dependently increase the expression of VEGF in early endothelia1 progenitor cells compared with those from CS patients without treatment. Conclusion It is suggested that sEHi can positively induce VEGF protein secretion via epoxyeicosatrienoic acid （EET）, and sEHi may become a new drug for the therapy of CS.

Abstract:Aim To explore relationship between Helicobacter pylori （Hp） infection and serum oxidized low density lipoprotein （ox-LDL） in carotid artery atherosclerosis patients. Methods 129 cases with carotid atherosclerosis diagnosed by carotid artery ultrasonography in our hospital were chosen, ¹⁴C urea breath test was used to detect Hp infection situation of the selected object. Meanwhile enzyme-linked immunosorbent method is used to determine the serum levels of ox-LDL. Results Serum ox-LDL, total cholesterol （TC）, low density lipoprotein cholesterol （LDLC） and triglyceride （TG） levels of patients with carotid atherosclerosis in Hp infection group were higher than that of Hp non-infection group, and the differences were statistically significant （P<0.05, P<0.01）. With carotid atherosclerosis in patients with Hp infection in vivo degree aggravating, its serum ox-LDL level also increased accordingly. The differences of serum ox-LDL level in different degree of Hp infection groups were statistically significan （F＝13.169, P<0.01）, and pairwise comparisons among the three groups, serum ox-LDL level differences were statistically significant （P<0.05）. Multiple linear regression analysis showed that serum levels of ox-LDL was significantly increased in Hp infected patients. Conclusion Helicobacter pylori infection may cause lipid metabolic disorders in a certain extent, increase serum levels of ox-LDL, and promote the development of the carotid atherosclerosis.

Abstract:Aim To investigate the effect of subclinical hypothyroidism in elderly on metabolic syndrome and intracranial atherosclerosis. Methods Randomly selected 416 cases of patients hospitalized in our department from January 2013 to April 2014, including normal thyroid function 298 cases and subclinical hypothyroidism 118 cases. Compared the biochemical indicators of metabolic syndrome, uric acid （UA） and homocysteine （Hcy） in the two groups. Logistic analysis was used to test correlation regarding the intracranial atherosclerosis and metabolic syndrome as dependent variables, and analyze the correlation between thyroid stimulating hormone （TSH） and various clinical indicators. Results Compared with normal thyroid function group, proportions of intracranial atherosclerosis and metabolic syndrome in subclinical hypothyroidism group were obviously increased （P<0.05 or P<0.01）, systolic blood pressure （SBP）, total cholesterol （TC）, triglyceride （TG）, low density lipoprotein cholesterol （LDLC）, uric acid （UA） and homocysteine （Hcy） in subclinical hypothyroidism group were significantly increased （P<0.05）, and high density lipoprotein cholesterol （HDLC）, fasting blood glucose （FBG） were significantly reduced （P<0.05）. Multivariate stepwise Logistic regression analysis found that high levels of TSH, metabolic syndrome, age, SBP, LDLC, Hcy were independent risk factors of intracranial atherosclerosis （P<0.05）, TSH and UA were independent risk factors of metabolic syndrome （P<0.05）. TSH were positively correlated with TG, UA and Hcy, and negatively correlated with HDLC （P<0.05）. Conclusions The occurrence and development of MS and intracranial atherosclerosis was obviously related to high TSH, it may involve in the development of MS, and increases the risk of the crowd intracranial atherosclerosis occurred furtherly.

Abstract:Aim To explore the association of serum Adropin level with in-stent restenosis （ISR） after stent implantation in coronary artery. Methods A total of 176 patients underwent coronary artery stent implantation were divided into two groups of ISR （18 cases） and Non-ISR （158 cases） according to coronary angiography at 10～12 months later after stent implantation. The serum Adropin level, high sensitivity C-reactive protein （hs-CRP） and other metabolic parameters were measured. Insulin resistance index （IRI） was calculated. Results Serum Adropin level was significantly lower, whereas hs-CRP, fasting plasma insulin, IRI were significantly higher in group ISR than those in group Non-ISR （ P<0.05）. Diabetes were more common in patients with ISR than those without ISR （P<0.05 ）. Multivariate regression analysis revealed that Adropin was the independent risk factor for ISR （P<0.01）. Adropin was negatively correlated with IRI and hs-CRP （P<0.01）. Conclusions Lower serum Adropin level was significantly associated with ISR after coronary artery stent implantation, indicating the possible role of Adropin in the prevention of ISR.

Abstract:Aim To investigate the relationship between the severity of coronary lesions and asymmetric dimethylarginine （ADMA） as well as circulating endothelial progenitor cells （EPC） in patients with coronary heart disease （CHD）. Methods 130 cases were divided into two groups: CHD group（n80） and control group （n50）, and CHD patients were divided into three groups according to the result of coronary angiography and the CHD Gensini’s scoring system. The levels of plasma ADMA were measured. Total mononuclear cell were isolated from peripheral blood by Ficoll density gradient centrifugation, and were cultured in medium supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum, vascular endothelial growth faactor （VEGF） and basic fibroblast growth factor （bFGF）. After 7～10 days cultured, the numbers of colony-forming units （CFU） of EPC were counted by phase-contrast microscope. Results The levels of plasma ADMA were significantly higher in single vessel disease group and multitude vessels disease group than those in control group （P<0.05 and P<0.01）, and in Gensini’s scores ≥60 group, ADMA levels were significantly higher than those in control group （P<0.01）. With the increase of Gensini’s scores and lesion count, plasma ADMA levels increased obviously （P<0.05 and P<0.01）. Meanwhile, the numbers of CFU of circulating EPC were significantly lower in single vessel disease group and multitude vessels disease group than those in control group （P<0.01）, and in Gensini’s scores ≥60 group, Gensini’s scores 31～59 group, Gensini’s scores ≤30 group， the circulating EPC numbers were significantly lower than that of control group （P<0.01）. With the increase of Gensini’s scores and lesion count, EPC numbers decreased obviously（P<0.05 and P<0.01）. The Gensini’s score of coronary lesion and plasma ADMA was positively correlated （r0.365, P0.027）, and negatively correlated with the numbers of circulating EPC （r－0.16, P0.015）. There was a strong negative correlation between the levels of plasma ADMA and the numbers of CFU of circulating EPC （P<0.01）. Conclusions Corresponding with the degree of coronary atherosclerosis severer, the plasma CFU levels were higher in CHD group than those of control group, the numbers of circulating EPC of CHD patients were lower than those of healthy person. ADMA accumulation may contribute to EPC depletion, with consequent impairment of EPC-mediated endothelial repair, which can promote atherogenesis. ADMA was negatively correlated with the number of CFU of circulating EPC. In vivo ADMA can promote endothelial dysfunction by means of depressant EPC proliferation.

Abstract:Aim To validate the efficacy of different doses of atorvastatin for patients with symptomatic intracranial atherosclerotic stenosis （sICAS）. Methods 120 patients with sICAS were enrolled and randomly divided into three groups. Patients in the three groups were given 10 mg/d, 20 mg/d, and 40 mg/d of atorvastatin respectively, for one year. All patients were also given other aggressive medical therapy. Evaluation variables,including changes in degree of stenosis, and perfusion-related parameters derived from computed tomography perfusion （CTP） imaging from baseline to one year during the study period, were used to compare the benefits of these three statin therapies. Results After one year of atorvastatin therapy, patients in the three groups had an obvious improvement of degree of stenosis, improvement of degree of stenosis was significantly better in the 40 mg/day group. Patients in the three groups had an obvious increase in relative cerebral blood flow （rCBF） and relative cerebral blood volume （rCBV） levels at the end of one year. However, patients in the 40 mg/day group experienced a reduction in relative time to bolus peak （rTTP） at the end of one year while those in the other two groups showed an increase in rTTP. Conclusions Improvement of degree of stenosis, and perfusion-related parameters were all significantly better by long-term use of atorvastatin.

Abstract:Aim To investigate serum heart-type fatty acid-binding protein （H-FABP） and ischemia modified albumin （IMA） in early diagnosis and severity judgement in patients with acute myocardial infarction （AMI）. Methods 92 patients admission into hospital with acute chest pain in 6 hours were selected as the patient group, and they were verified by coronary angiography. The patients were divided into AMI group （54 patients）, unstable angina pectoris （UAP） group （21 patients） and stable angina pectoris （SAP） group （17 patients）. At the same time, 20 healthy people were selected as health control group. Blood samples of the patients and the control group were collected for test of CK-MB, cTnT, IMA and H-FABP. The results of ROC curve analysis was used to determine the optimal cut-off of this assay for identifying individuals with AMI and non-AMI. Results The levels of H-FABP and IMA in AMI patients were significantly higher than those in the other three group the levels of H-FABP and IMA in UAP group and SAP group were higher than those in the control group （P<0.05）. ROC curve of H-FABP and IMA showed the area under ROC curve was 0.967 and 0.904, the sensitivity in AMI diagnosis was 92.6% and 96.3%, they were significantly higher than cTnT （83.3%） and CK-MB （79.6%）. H-FABP and IMA serum levels in Gensini scores≥40 was significantly higher than those in 20～40 scores group and 0～20 scores group （P<0.05）. H-FABP and IMA serum levels in three-branch group had significance difference than those in double-branch group and single-branch group （P<0.05）. Conclusions Serum levels of H-FABP and IMA had higher sensitivity and specificity in AMI diagnosis and it was related to the severity of coronary artery disease. Serum H-FABP and IMA and the other biochemistry markers simultaneously was very useful to the early diagnosis, sensitivity judgement of the ACS.

Abstract:Aim To investigate the prognosis and its risk factors in young adults （less than 45 years old） with acute myocardial infarction （AMI）. Methods Continuous AMI cases （less than 45 years old） were retrospectively collected in department of cardiology of the first affiliated hospital of Soochow University from January 2007 to December 2013. Poor prognosis was confirmed if there was any major adverse cardiac event （MACE） including cardiac death, cardiac arrest, acute heart failure, recurrent myocardial infarction during the period from onset to follow-up. The risk factors were analyzed by univariate and multivariate logistic regression analysis. Results 118 continuous cases were collected, 4 of which were excluded, and 5 cases were lost. The remaining 109 patients were analyzed. Among them, the mean age was 41.0±7.0 years old, 89.0% were males, and the mean follow-up period was 27 months. Two factors including percutaneous coronary intervention （PCI）（OR0.061, 95%CI 0.008～0.474, P0.007）, admission heart rate（OR1.084, 95%CI 1.029～1.143, P0.002） entered the regression equation. Conclusions Without undergoing PCI and higher admission heart rate are the independent risk factors for prognosis in young adults with AMI.

Abstract:Aim To observe the mid-term and long-term effectiveness of cardiac resynchronization therapy （CRT） optimized by AV/VV delay for patients with congestive heart failure （CHF）. Methods Nineteen patients with refractory heart failure received CRT device implantation. Pacing parameters were detected, and AV/VV interval was optimized according to the guidance of echocardiography during follow-up period. The effect of CRT was evaluated in terms of echocardiography, tissue Doppler, ECG and brain natriuretic peptide （BNP） during follow-up period. Results The best optimized AV delay was between 120 ms and 180 ms （158.33±19.46 ms）, the best optimized VV delay was between 4 ms and 28 ms （15.83±7.12 ms）, clinical symptoms were improved. 6 minutes walking distance was significantly increased （255.71±21.58 m vs. 397.37±11.35 m, P<0.05）. The QRS interval was decreased （138.79±16.06 ms vs. 105.53±8.80 ms, P<0.05）. Left ventricular end diastolic diameter （LVEDD） after implantation was significantly reduced compared with pre-implantation （73.53±9.41 mm vs. 54.11±3.41 mm, P<0.05）, left ventricular ejection fraction （LVEF） was increased （31%±3% vs. 58%±6%, P<0.01）. Aortic velocity time integral of mitral regurgitation （AVTI） was increased （14.69±1.48 vs. 20.52±1.18, P<0.05）, plasma BNP level decreased （1069.02±501.85 ng/L vs. 81.26±31.51 ng/L, P<0.05）. The intra-ventricular and inter-ventricular asynchrony indexes were significantly improved. Conclusions Dynamical optimization of AV/VV delay in CRT improved the hemodynamic of the patients with CHF and enhanced the mid-term and long-term effect of CRT.

Abstract:Aim To explore the correlation among flowmediated dilatation, nitroglycerinmediated dilatation of brachial artery and intracranial atherosclerotic stenosis in ischemic cerebrovascular disease patients. Methods According to the presence of intracranial vascular stenosis, 67 patients with ischemic cerebrovascular disease are divided into two groups, intracranial vascular stenosis group and control group, of which general data,FMD,NMD are analyzed relatively. Then the relevance of FMD, NMD and the number of intracranial vascular stenosis is further analyzed. Results There are 50 patients in intracranial atherosclerotic stenosis group and 17 patients in control group. Intracranial atherosclerotic stenosis is related to age, FMD, NMD, Hypertension, Diabetes, history of previous stroke/TIA. And there is a negative relationship between FMD （rs－0.869,P0.000＜0.05）,NMD （rs－0.490,P0.000＜0.05） and the number of intracranial vascular stenosis. Unconditional logistic regression analysis shows that FMD can be used as an independent factor of evaluation of intracranial atherosclerotic stenosis, which could be the most likely diagnosis of intracranial vascular stenosis when it was 2.95%. Conclusions FMD was low in patients with intracranial atherosclerotic stenosis，which may also has value in predicting the extent of intracranial vascular stenosis.

Abstract:Aim To evaluate the values of applying echo-tracking technique in aged patients with coronary heart disease （CHD）. Methods We enrolled 108 aged patients with CHD as the CHD group. Fifty healthy volunteers were enrolled as the control group. CHD patients were classified into two groups according to the findings of coronary angiography: one-vessel lesion group （47 cases） and multi-vessel lesion group （61 cases）. For all subjects, indexes of arterial elasticity including pressure-strain elasticity modulus （Ep）, wall stiffness index （β）, one-point pulse wave velocity （PWVβ） and arterial compliance （AC） were measured with echo-tracking, and then compared among study groups. Results The Ep, β, PWVβ of carotid artery in CHD group were significantly greater than that in the control group （P<0.05）. The Ep, β, PWVβ in multi-vessel lesion group were significantly greater than that in one-vessel lesion group （P<0.05）. There was no difference of AC among various groups. Conclusions Indexes of carotid artery elasticity including Ep, β, PWVβ were closely associated with the occurrence and development of CHD. Echo-tracking can be an effective technique for the evaluation of CHD.

Abstract:Aim To investigate the association between polymorphism of Klotho G-395A and susceptibility of coronary heart disease （CHD） in East-Asia population. Methods PubMed, Embase, Cochrane Library, Sciencedirect, Springer, CBM disc, Wanfang database were searched for published case-control studies investigating the association between Klotho G-395A and CHD that were available before Dec.2013. Fixed or random effect models were selected for odds ratio （OR）calculation. A meta-analysis was performed to estimate heterogeneity and the pooled OR to evaluate the relationship between Klotho G-395A polymorphism and CHD. The sensitivity analysis was also assessed. Results A total of 6 case-control studies involving 1560 patients and 1459 controls were analyzed in the study. There were no significant heterogeneity found （dominant genetic model: P0.2, I²30.8%）. We observed a significant statistical association between Klotho G-395A polymorphism and CHD （dominant genetic model: OR1.24，95%CI: 1.06～1.45, P0.009）. After stratification by case selection criteria based on complete coronary angiographic data or not, no significant heterogeneity was observed in both groups. A stronger association was observed in the group which all the patients underwent coronary angiography（OR1.38，95%CI: 1.12～1.70, P0.003）, but negative association was found in the other group（OR1.07，95%CI：0.84～1.37,P0.587）. There was no significant heterogeneity among the remaining trial after using random effect model or excluding the trial with the largest weight or the trial with larger frequencies of the allele A, respectively. And the pooled OR （95%CI） value of the frequencies of the genotype（GA+AA）/GG were similar. Publication bias was not found by Begg’s test. Conclusion Klotho G-395A polymorphism may be a susceptible factor of CHD in East-Asia population.

Abstract:Aim To establish animal models similar to human disease process of type 2 diabetes mellitus with macroangiopathy . Methods Twenty-four 12 week old Kkay mice with type 2 diabetes mellitus were selected （random blood sugar≥11.1 mmol/L） as model group and twelve C57BL/6J mice as normal control group, experimental animals of the two groups were fed with high sugar and high fat diet, four mice were killed in the model group at the 16 th， 20 th， 24 th and 28 th week. Remaining mice in the model group and normal control group were killed after 28 weeks, and abdominal aorta were observed under light vascular lesions. Results Compared with normal control group, random blood sugar in model group were significantly higher （P<0.01）. Macroangiopathy in the model group was found after 28 weeks, it’s shown as that abdominal aortic endothelial cell structure was not clear, plasma membrane rupture, internal elastic membrane was thin, subendothelial layer thickening, smooth muscle cells and fibroblasts proliferation in great quantities, foam cells cloud be found. Conclusion Kkay mice with type 2 diabetes mellitus by feeding high fat and high sugar after 28 weeks may induce macroangiopathy.

Abstract:Cardiac rehabilitation is a comprehensive program, which mainly focuses on disease evaluation, cardiovascular risk factors controlling, medication therapy, psychological intervention and patient education. Although the benefits of cardiac rehabilitation have been widely evidenced, its mechanism is still not completely clarified. Nowadays, the protective role of endothelial progenitor cells for cardiovascular disorders has been proved, and accumulating evidence showed that cardiac rehabilitation can significantly improve the level of endothelial progenitor cells, which is likely to illustrate the profiting mechanism of cardiac rehabilitation. Thus, this article summaries the relationship of cardiac rehabilitation and endothelial progenitor cells aiming to provide a novel point to demonstrate the beneficial mechanism of cardiac rehabilitation.

Abstract:The relationship between carotid artery atherosclerosis and cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases are so close, some parameters which represent carotid artery atherosclerosis including carotid artery intima-media thickness, carotid artery plaque and carotid artery adventitia have positive correlation with cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases, and predict cardiovascular events and cerebrovascular events.

Abstract:Early growth response 1 （Egr-1） is involved in a variety of pathophysiological changes, including cell proliferation differentiation and apoptosis， inflammation, synthesis and degradation of extracellular matrix, and DNA repair, and so on. In recent years, accumulating evidences show that Egr-1 is over-expressed during the development of atherosclerosis. This article will review some literatures on the mechanisms of atherosclerosis involved with Egr-1.

Abstract:Atherosclerotic plaque is closely related to occurrence of cardiovascular and cerebrovascular events. It is very important to access the atherosclerotic plaque stability in early phase for prevention of cardio-cerebral vascular events and treatment plan. Many studies have demonstrated that intraplaque neovascularization is associated with plaque stability. Intraplaque neovascularization in carotid artery can be detected and assessed by contrast-enhanced ultrasound, which is a hot research topic in plaque stability field over recent years.