Abstract:Aim To investigate the effects and mechanisms of Curcumin Nicotinate on the high fat diet（HFD） induced-atherosclerosis in ApoE^－/－ mice.Methods Seven weeks old male ApoE^－/－ mice were randomly divided into five groups（n50）:control group,HFD group,simvastatin group （5 mg/（kg·d））,low doses of Curcumin Nicotinate group （33 mg/（kg·d）） and high doses of Curcumin Nicotinate group （99 mg/（kg·d））,gavaged every day,respectively.All the mice were fed up with high-fat,high-cholesterol diet that contained 5.0% fat （wt/wt） and 1.0% cholesterol except for control group.After six weeks of treatment,tissue specimens from liver,aorta and blood were collected.The serum total cholesterol （TC）,triglyceride（TG）,low density lipoprotein cholesterol （LDLC）,high density lipoprotein cholesterol （HDLC） were detected by the automatic biochemical analyzer.The assessment of atherosclerosis in aortic trees and aortic sinus and the liver lipid were carried out by staining with oil red O.The atherosclerotic plaques in aortic arches were observed by HE staining.The serum tumor necrosis factor alpha （TNF-α） and interleukin-6 （IL-6） were measured by ELISA kit.The expression of caveolin-1,SREBP-1 in liver were detected by Western blot.Results Compared with the control group,serum TC and LDLC were increased,while HDLC was decreased,and atherosclerotic plaques in aorta was significantly increased.After six weeks of treatment,Curcumin Nicotinate could reduce significantly the level of TC,LDLC,TNF-α and IL-6 in serum and reduce the area of atherosclerotic plaques in HFD ApoE^－/－ mice.The expression of caveolin-1 increased and SREBP-1 decreased in mice liver after Curcumin Nicotinate treatment compared with those in HFD group.Conclusions Curcumin Nicotinate alleviated the progression of atherosclerosis lesion in ApoE^－/－ mice,partly due to its regulation on lipid metabolism and inflammation of ApoE^－/－ mice by SREBP-1 and caveolin-1.

Abstract:Aim Promoting cardiac regeneration is therapeutic strategy to be developed urgently.In present study,we investigated the effects of overexpression of microRNA-99a（miR-99a） on cardiomyocytes proliferation of neonatal mice as well as its potential mechanism.Methods Cardiomyocytes of neonatal mice were infected by lentiviral-miR-99a（LV-miR-99a）.Cardiomyocytes proliferation were identified by thiazolyl blue （MTT） and 5-ethynyl-2’-deoxyuridine （ EDU） assay.Western blot was used to assess the protein expression of Erk1/2 and its phosphorylation levels in cardiomyocytes.Results MTT assay and EDU assay both showed that cardiomyocytes proliferation were significantly higher in miR-99a over-expression group than in the control group （P<0.05）.The phosphorylation levels of erk1/2 was also significantly higher than that in the control group （ P<0.05）.Conclusions miR-99a overexpression can promote cardiomyocytes proliferation.This effect may be partly mediated through activation of erk1/2.

Abstract:Aim To explore whether adipophilin interact with acyl-coenzyme A:cholesterol acyltransferse 1 （ACAT1） and neutral cholesterol ester hydrolase （NCEH） in lipid-loaded RAW264.7 cell induced by oxidized low density lipoprotein （ox-LDL）.Methods RAW264.7 cells were incubated with 50 mg/L ox-LDL for different time.The expression of mRNA and proteins of adipophilin,ACAT1 and NCEH were detected by semi-quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction and western blot respectively.Interactions between adipophilin and ACAT1 or NCEH were detected by co-immunoprecipitation.Results As the incubation time of ox-LDL was extended in RAW264.7 cells,the expression of mRNA and proteins of adipophilin,ACAT1 and NCEH were significantly increased compared with 0 h group （P<0.05,n＝3）.Co-immunoprecipitation showed that there were interactions between adipophilin and ACAT1 in RAW264.7 macrophages with ox-LDL treatment at 0,0.5,1 h and 3 h,and no interactions at 6 h.There were not interactions between adipophilin and NCEH in RAW264.7 macrophages with ox-LDL treatment at 0,0.5 h and 1 h,and interactions at 3 h and 6 h.Conclusions There were interactions between adipophilin and ACAT1 or NCEH in RAW264.7 macrophages with ox-LDL treatment.It suggests that adipophilin may have synergistic effects with ACAT1 and NCEH in lipid-loaded RAW264.7 cell.

Abstract:Aim To explore the effect of probucol on function of diatetic mice adipose tissue-derived stem cells （ADSC）.Methods ADSC were isolated by mechanical separation and enzymatic digestion from nondiabetic and diabetic mice.The expression profiles of CD34,CD45,CD90 and CD105 were examined by flow cytometry.The ADSC were divided into 6 groups： control normal group,probucol normal group,control diabetic group,probucol diabetic group，high glucose normal group and probucol high glucose normal group.The proliferation and migration of ADSC was determined by WST-8 assay and transwell assay respectively.In addition,the mRNA and protein expression of vascular endothelial growth factor （VEGF）,hepatocyte growth factor （HGF）,and insulin-like growth factor-1（IGF-1） were determined by real-time PCR and ELISA analysis.The content of reactivated oxygen species （ROS） was also measured.Results The morphological feature of ADSC displayed fibroblast-like phenotype.The cells were positive for stem cells markers,including CD90 and CD105,and negative for CD34 and CD45,as shown by flow cytometry.Diabetic ADSC showed decreased proliferative potential and migration.In addition,the mRNA expression of VEGF,HGF and IGF-1 in diabetetic control group was obviously lower than that in nondiabetic control group.The contents of VEGF,HGF and IGF-1 on ADSC -conditioned medium in diabetic control group was also obviously lower than that in nondiabetic control group.Probucol promoted proliferation and migration of diabetic ADSC,and increase the mRNA expression of VEGF,HGF and IGF-1 in diabetetic ADSC.In addition,Probucol could increase contents of VEGF,HGF and IGF-1 in ADSC -conditioned medium in diabetic mice.Conclusion Our data indicate that diabetes alters ADSC intrinsic properties and impairs their function.Probucol can protect diabetic ADSC function of proliferation and migration,as well as releasing growth factors.

Abstract:Aim To investigate aminoguanidine （AG） inhibitory effect on semicarbazide-sensitive amine oxidase （SSAO） in vitro and in viva,and the prevention of vascular complications in diabetic rats.Methods SSAO enzyme from aorta homogenates of male SD rats,benzylamine was used as artificial substate for the catalytic reaction of SSAO.A series concentration of AG were added in the enzymatic reaction system,using high performance liquid chromatography to detect SSAO enzyme activity.35 male SD rats were randomly divided into normal control （NC） group,diabetic model （DM） group and DM＋AG group,using a single intraperitoneal injection of streptozotocin （STZ） induced diabetic model,AG （25 mg/kg） was administered daily via intraperitoneal injection in DM＋AG group.Plasma SSAO enzyme activity,methylamine,formaldehyde,endothelin-1 （ET-1）,nitric oxide （NO） were detected after 8 weeks later,while aortic tissue SSAO enzyme activity was detected.Morphology of aorta and kidney in all groups were observed under light microscope and transmission electron microscope.Results AG was strongly inhibited rat aortic tissue SSAO enzyme activity,IC₅₀ was 12.47 μmol/L.SSAO enzyme activity,ET-1 concentration in DM group were higher than those in NC group while plasma NO concentration was decreased （P<0.01）.AG can strongly inhibit SSAO enzyme activity in diabetic rats,reduce ET-1 level,elevate methylamine,NO concentration （P<0.01）.The pathological changes of aorta and kidney in DM＋AG group were less serious than DM group.Conclusion AG can effectively inhibit SSAO enzyme activity.The preventive effect of AG on diabetic vascular complications may inhibit SSAO oxidative deamination effect.

Abstract:Aim To investigate the effect and mechanism of simvastatin on the expressions of inflammatory factors in cultured rat vascular smooth muscle cells （VSMC） induced by oxidized low density lipoprotein （ox-LDL）.Methods The rat VSMC were cultured in vitro.Through pretreatment with anti-TLR4 antibody and simvastatin prior to ox-LDL exposure,the expression of TLR4 mRNA was determined by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction （RT-PCR）.The levels of IL-6 and TNF-α in supernatant medium were detected by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay （ELISA）.Results Incubation of VSMC with ox-LDL could enhance the expressions of IL-6 and TNF-α.The expressions of IL-6 and TNF-α were attenuated by pretreatment with anti-TLR4 antibody prior to ox-LDL exposure in a concentration-dependent manner （P<0.01）.Different concentrations of simvastatin dramatically reduce the expression of TLR4 mRNA （P<0.01）,the effect was concentration-dependent,at the same time,the expressions of IL-6 and TNF-α were attenuated by simvastatin in a concentration-dependent manner （P<0.05）.Simvastatin dramatically reduced the expressions of TLR4 mRNA,IL-6 and TNF-αby pretreatment with anti-TLR4 antibody prior to ox-LDL exposure compared to the Simvastatin group（P<0.01）.Conclusions Simvastatin could reduce the expressions of inflammatory factors in VSMC induced by ox-LDL,the mechanism may be by inhibiting the activation of TLR4 signaling.

Abstract:Background and Aim Telmisartan （Telm）,one of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma （PPARγ） agonist.To investigate the effects and potential mechanisms of Telmisartan on pro-inflammatory cytokine release and expression from lipopolysaccharide （LPS）-induced THP-1 mononuclear cells.Methods The human THP-1 mononuclear cells were cultured and randomly divided into 3 groups: control group,LPS group,and Telm group.After Telm group pre-incubated with Telm（10 μmol/L）for 2 h,Telm group and LPS group were both stimulated with LPS for 24 h.The expression of PPARγ,p-PPARγ,inhibitor of nuclear factor-kappa B （IκBα）,p-IκBα,NF-κB and p-NF-κB in total protein of cell extract of each group were measured by Western blot.The level of monocyte chemotactic protein 1 （MCP-1）,tumor necrosis factor alpha （TNF-α） and interleukin-6 （IL-6） in supernatant and cell of each group were measured by ELISA and RT-PCR.Results Compared with the control group,the expression of p-PPARγ,p-NF-κB,p-IκBα,MCP-1,TNF-α and IL-6 in the LPS group were significantly increased accompanied with the decrease of IκBα（P<0.05）,but there was no difference on the expression of NF-κB and PPARγ between the two groups（P>0.05）.Compared with the LPS group,the expression of p-NF-κB,p-IκBα,MCP-1,TNF-α and IL-6 in the Telm group were significantly decreased accompanied with the increase of IκBα and p-PPARγ（P<0.05）.There was still no difference on the expression of NF-κB and PPARγ between the two groups （P>0.05）.Conclusion Telmisartan pretreatment can inhibit inflammation induced by LPS-stimulating THP-1 mononuclear cells,and the mechanisms may be related to preventing NF-κB activation through further PPARγ activation.

Abstract:Aim To observe and evaluate the curative efficacy of fractional flow reserve （FFR） guided percutaneous coronary intervention （PCI） for borderline coronary lesion （diameter stenosis was 50%～70%）.Methods From 2012 January to 2012 December,76 consecutive patients from our hospital with single branch borderline coronary lesion confirmed by coronary angiography （CAG） were chosen to accept FFR measurements.All the patients were divided into two groups,48 cases with FFR≥0.75 accepted only optimal medical treatment （OMT group）,28 cases with FFR＜0.75 were accepted PCI and optimal medical treatment （PCI＋OMT group）.After 12 months’ follow-up,the incidence of major adverse cardiac event （MACE） and the scores of Seattle Angina Questionnaire （SAQ） between the two groups were compared.Results There was no statistically significant difference between OMT group and PCI＋OMT group in the incidence of MACE.Compared to the baseline both groups’ scores of SAQ had significantly improved （P<0.05）.And the SAQ scores improvement had no statistically significant difference in physical limitation,angina stability,angina frequency and disease cognition level between the patients of OMT group and PCI＋OMT group.But the OMT group had more statistically significant improvement than PCI＋OMT group in treatment satisfaction level （P<0.05）.Conclusion FFR can reliably predict the risk of myocardial ischemia and guide treatment decisions for patients with borderline coronary lesion.It can avoid unnecessary PCI and effectively improve the quality of life and body function of the patients with coronary borderline lesion.

Abstract:Aim To investigate the correlation between serum levels of apolipoprotein AⅠ （ApoAⅠ）,apolipoprotein B （ApoB）,the ratio of apolipoprotein B to apolipoprotein AⅠ （ApoB/ApoAⅠ） and carotid plaque type in patients with acute myocardial infarction.Methods This study was carried out on 65 patients with acute myocardial infarction （case group） and 36 cases whose angiography were normal as control group.Serum ApoB and ApoAⅠ levels were measured,the ratio of ApoB/ApoAⅠ was calculated.All the patients were divided into three groups depending on the components of carotid plaque which was characterized by ultrasound: soft plaque,fibrous plaque and calcified plaque.All the data have been analyzed statistically.Results Soft plaque burden within the case group was significantly higher than that of the control group （P<0.001）.An increased level of ApoB and ApoB/ApoAⅠ ratio showed in the case group compared to the control group （P<0.05）.Compared with fibrous plaque and calcified plaque,serum ApoB levels and ApoB/ApoAⅠ ratio in the case group patients with soft plaque were higher （P<0.05）.Compared with fibrous plaque,serum ApoB levels and ApoB/ApoAⅠ ratio in the case group patients with soft plaque were higher （P<0.01）,ApoB and ApoB/ApoAⅠ ratio had certain accuracy in the diagnosis of soft plaques and the area under curve （AUC） of ROC were 0.753±0.067 and 0.701±0.071 respectively.Conclusions ApoB,ApoB/ApoAⅠ ratio and the type of plaque were markedly associated with acute myocardial infarction.In addition,ApoB and ApoB/ApoAⅠ ratio were related to the type of plaque which were classified according to the ultrasound.

Abstract:Aim To evaluate the left ventricular systolic and diastolic function by automated motion tracking of mitral annular displacement （TMAD） in patients with coronary heart disease （CHD）.Methods Twenty-seven CHD patients （group CHD） confirmed by coronary angiography and thirty age-matched normal controls were enrolled in this study.The parameters were obtained by TMAD which lasted at least three consecutive cardiac cycles: maximal systolic displacement （Ds）,early diastolic displacement （De） and late diastolic displacement （Da） of the four points of mitral annulus,the time to peak systolic displacement （T）,systolic displacement of the middle point （Mid） and its ratio to the length of left ventricle at end-diastole （Mid%）,then separately to calculate the mean of foregoing numbers.And the Da/Dt ratio was calculated （Dt＝De＋Da）.Then,the correlation between the mean of Ds,the mean of Mid,the mean of Mid% and left ventricular ejection fraction （LVEF） measured by biplane Simpson methods,between Da/Dt ratio and transmitral index E/A ratio were analyzed.Results （1）Compared with control group,the Ds,Mid,Mid% of four points,the mean of Ds,the mean of Mid and the mean of Mid% were decreased significantly （all P<0.01）,the T of four points and the mean of T increased significantly （P<0.05 or P<0.01） in group CHD.（2）Compared with control group,the De of four points and the mean of De were decreased significantly （all P<0.01）,the Da of lateral,anterior and inferior mitral annulus,the mean of Da of four points （P<0.05 or P<0.01） and Da/Dt ratio （P<0.01） increased significantly in group CHD.（3）In both two groups,the mean of Ds,the mean of Mid and the mean of Mid% show a positive correlation to LVEF （control group: r＝0.697,r＝0.711,r＝0.779,P<0.01 group CHD: r＝0.707,r＝0.703,r＝0.789,P<0.01）.（4）In both two groups,Da/Dt ratio show a positive correlation to A/E ratio （control group: r＝0.739,P<0.01 group CHD: r＝0.666,P<0.01）.Conclusion TMAD can access the left ventricular function in patients with CHD objectively and expediently.

Abstract:Aim To investigate the association between the serum cystatin C concentration and clinical severity,coronary lesion severity of coronary heart disease by comparing the cystatin C concentration in different types of coronary heart disease and analysing the relationship between cystatin C concentration and coronary artery lesions.Methods 152 enrolled cases were divided into three groups according to the clinical condition and results of cardioangiography: normal group（54 cases）,stable angina pectoris group（38 cases）,acute coronary syndrome group（60 cases）.98 coronary heart disease patients were divided into single-vessel lesion group（38 cases）,double-vessel lesions group （22 cases）,triple-vessel lesions group （28 cases） and left main coronary artery lesion group（10 cases） according to the results of coronary angiography Coronary heart disease patients were divided into low Gensini score group（32 cases）,middle Gensini score group（33 cases） and high Gensini score group（33 cases） according to the Gensini score of coronary artery lesions.The cystatin C concentration of all patients were tested by immune enhanced turbidimetric method after admission.The association between serum cystatin C concentration and the severity of coronary heart disease was analysed.Results The serum cystatin C concentration of acute coronary syndrome（1.27±0.27 mg/L） was higher than that of normal group （0.98±0.17 mg/L） and stable angina pectoris group （1.11±0.24 mg/L）（P<0.05）,and there was no significant difference between the stable angina pectoris group and normal group（P>0.05）.The serum cystatin C concentration of singe-vessel group,double-vessel group,triple-vessel and left main coronary artery group were 1.18±0.27 mg/L,1.21±0.34 mg/L,1.16±0.26 mg/L,1.23±0.37 mg/L respectively.No significant difference in serum cystatin C concentration was found among different coronary lesion groups（P>0.05）.The serum cystatin C concentration of low Gensini score group,middle score Gensini group and high Gensini score group were 1.19±0.29 mg/L,1.22±0.28 mg/L,1.16±0.31 mg/L respectively.No significant difference in serum cystatin C concentration was found among different Gensini score groups（P>0.05）.Conclusion The serum cystatin C concentration is associated with clinical severity of coronary heart disease,but not associated with the severity of coronary artery lesions.

Abstract:Aim To investigate the effect of rosuvastatin therapy,including duration of treatment,on coronary collateral growth in patients with advanced coronary artery disease.Methods Study population consisted of 395 （299 men,with the mean age of 65±15 years） consecutive patients who have undergone clinically indicated coronary angiography and had at least one major coronary artery stenosis of ≥95%.Coronary collaterals were graded from 0 to 3 according to the Cohen–Rentrop method and patients with grade 0～1 collateral development were regarded as having poor collateral and patients with grade 2～3 collateral development were regarded as having good collateral.Clinical data including gender,age,clinical manifestation,history of hypertension,diabetes mellitus,myocardial infarction（MI）,coronary artery bypass grafting（CABG）,somking,statin and other medicines,serum lipid level and so on.SPSS 16.0 and multivariate logistic regression were performed to statistic analysis.Results Patients with good collateral score were on rosuvastatin therapy （P<0.01）,and were more likely to have stable angina pectoris as clinical presentation（P<0.01）,and have multivessel disease（P<0.05）.Rosuvastatin therapy for less than 3 months had no effect on collateral development （P0.11） however,patients who were on statin therapy for more than 3 months had significantly better collateral（P0.003）.Diabetes mellitus was the only negative predictor for coronary collateral formation（P<0.05）.Conclusion Rosuvastatin therapy （＞3 months）,stable angina pectoris and having multivessel disease are associated with enhanced coronary collateral development in patients with advanced coronary artery disease.

Abstract:Aim To investigate the effect of obstructive seep apnea hypoventilation syndrome （OSAHS） on the morbidity of contrast-induced nephropathy （CIN） in patients with coronary heart disease （CHD）.Methods 110 patients were divided into CHD without OSAHS group （n＝48） and CHD with OSAHS group （n＝62） according to diaognostic coronary angiography （CAG） and polysomnography （PSG）.Before and after coronary angiography or percutaneous coronary intervention （PCI）,the level of serum creatinine was compared between the two groups.The morbidity of CIN was compared between the two groups.Results The difference of the level of serum creatinine was not statistically significant between the two groups before coronary angiography （t＝－0.733,P＝0.465）.The difference of the level of serum creatinine was statistically significant between the two groups after coronary angiography or percutaneous coronary intervention （t＝－2.486,P＝0.014 t＝－2.921,P＝0.004）.The morbidity of CIN was higher in CHD with OSAHS group （χ²＝4.013,P＝0.045）.Conclusion OSAHS is a risk factor of CIN in patients with CHD.

Abstract:Aim To investigate the serum level of Apelin and its clinical significance in essential hypertension （EH） patients accompanied with coronary heart disease （CHD）.Methods 96 EH cases from the 1st June 2013 to the 1st December 2013 were divided into EH＋CHD group and EH group according to the presence of CHD.Fasting venous blood was drawn to detect the serum Apelin level and biochemical parameters.Blood pressure and body mass index （BMI） were recorded.Results （1）The serum Apelin level in EH＋CHD group was significantly lower than that in EH group （1.83±0.71 μg/L vs 2.28±0.82 μg/L,P<0.05）.（2）The serum level of Apelin was lower with the increase of Syntax score.（3）The serum Apelin level was negatively correlated with BMI,systolic blood pressure,diastolic blood pressure and fasting plasma glucose in EH＋CHD group.（4）Logistic regression analysis results showed that low serum Apelin was an independent risk factor for CHD in EH patients （OR＝0.475,95%CI: 0.163～0.838,P<0.05）.

Abstract:Aim To study the efficacy and safety of endovascular treatment for symptomatic subclavian artery occlusion or severe stenosis.Methods Endovascular treatment of symptomatic subclavian artery occlusion or severe stenosis was performed in 31 patients with the self-expanding stents.The efficacy and safety was analyzed.Results The self-expanding stents were technically successful in 31 patients with symptomatic subclavian artery occlusion or severe stenosis.Postoperative subclavian artery stenosis rate obviously improved,the subclavian artery steal blood syndrome and upper limb ischemia symptoms improved significantly,no complications appeared.Conclusion The self-expanding stent is minimally invasive and safe and effective in the treatment of symptomatic subclavian artery occlusion or severe stenosis.

Abstract:Aim To explore the ideal cardiovascular health behaviors and factors in patients with premature coronary heart disease （CHD）,in order to provide guideline for primary prevention of premature CHD and early targeted treatment.Methods A total of 544 patients diagnosed with CHD by coronary angiography were selected from department of cardiology,Tangshan worker’s hospital from January 2013 to September 2013.We excluded subjects with a family history of CHD （n61） and those who had missing data on health factors or health behaviors （n24）.Based on age,the subjects were divided into two groups: 229 patients with premature CHD （male aged ≤55 years,female aged ≤65 years） served as the case group,while 208 patients with late-onset CHD （male＞55,female＞65 years） served as the control group.A case-control study was conducted to analyze the ideal cardiovascular health factors and health behaviors in patients with premature CHD,such as age,gender,body mass index （BMI）,history of smoking and drinking,healthy dietary intake,physical activity,history of hypertension,diabetes and dyslipidemia,family history of CHD and so on.Results ①As for percentage of males,systolic blood pressure,high density lipoprotein cholesterol （HDLC）,low density lipoprotein cholesterol （LDLC） and triglyceride （TG）,no statistically significant difference was found between the two groups （P>0.05）.Total cholesterol levels,diastolic blood pressure，BMI and fasting blood glucose in premature CHD group were higher than those in the control group,which was significantly different （P<0.05）②The proportion of healthy dietary intake and physical activity was lower in premature CHD group,compared with that in late-onset CHD group （P<0.05）③Multiple logistic regression analysis on ideal cardiovascular health behaviors and factors showed that cigarette smoking,elevated fasting blood glucose and higher BMI as well as inadequate healthy dietary intake and physical inactivity were associated with premature CHD,and OR values were 1.46 （95%CI 1.02～2.28），2.17 （95%CI 1.22～3.86），2.59 （95%CI 1.68～4.00），2.78 （95%CI 1.90～4.08） and 3.68 （95%CI 2.54～5.34）,respectively.Conclusion Cigarette smoking,elevated fasting blood glucose,BMI,inadequate healthy diet and physical inactivity may be associated with the incidence of premature CHD.

Abstract:Atherosclerosis （As） is an important pathogenesis of cardio-cerebrovascular disease,and can affect the whole body blood vessels.Its pathogenesis is not yet fully elucidated.DNA methylation and micro RNA （miRNA） are important parts of the epigenetic,and everyone plays an important role in the As.At present the abnormal expression of a variety of miRNA has been found,which may be adjusted by methylation in the As.DNA methylation can directly regulate the expression of miRNA by changing the methylation modification of miRNA’s promoter CpG island.Also,DNA methylation can indirectly adjust with related miRNA’s expression by altering the methylation status of transcription factors.

Abstract:Inflammasome is a multi-protein complex sensing a variety of stimuli of the innate immune system.Inflammasome promotes the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as interleukin-1β and interleukin-18.The activation of inflammasome is associated with chronic inflammation in various cardiovascular diseases （CVD） such as atherosclerosis,ischemic heart disease,ischemia-reperfusion injury,hypertension,and cardiomyopathy.The mechanism of inflammasome activation and its downstream cytokines production has become a research hotspot in cardiovascular system.In addition,the discovery of inflammasome has expanded our understanding of how the innate immunity disrupts the development and progression of CVD,and targeting inflammasome provides new avenues for therapy of these diseases.

Abstract:Familial hypercholesterolemia is an autosomally dominant disease and clinically characterized by elevated serum levels of total and low density lipoprotein cholesterol,the presence of tendon xanthomas and premature coronary artery disease.Clinical and genetic therapies are the main treatments of familial hypercholesterolemia.Several drugs and genetic research are emerging to help improve the treatments of this disease in recent years.In this review,we will present the recent developments in the clinical and genetic treatments of familial hypercholesterolemia.

Abstract:Endothelial microparticles （EMP） are particles with a diameter ranged from 0.1 to 1 μm released by the apoptosis or death of activated of endothelial cells.The current studies have proved that EMP is a key marker of endothelial dysfunction.Early improvement of the function integrity of the endothelial cells is a key approach for the prevention and treatment of endothelial dysfunction.This study reviewed the related literatures on EMP as a treatment target.