Abstract:Aim To investigate the role of leptin-p38 mitogen-acrivated protein kinase （MAPK） pathway in high glucose （HG）-induced injury in H9c2 cardiac cells. Methods H9c2 cardiac cells were treated with HG to establish a model of cellular injury induced by HG. Cell viability was tested by cell counter kit 8 （CCK-8）. The intracellular level of reactive oxygen species （ROS） was measured by dichlorfluorescein staining and photofluorography. The changes in morphology and amount of apoptotic cells were tested by Hoechst 33258 nuclear staining. Mitochondrial membrane potential （MMP） was detected by rhodamine 123 （Rh123） staining followed by photofluorography. The expression levels of leptin and p38MAPK protein were measured by Western blot assay. Results Exposure of H9c2 cardiac cells to 35 mmol/L glucose （HG） markedly enhanced the expression of leptin. Pretreatment of cells with 50 μg/L leptin antagonist （LA） for 24 h before exposure to HG significantly inhibited HG-induced upregulation of phosphorylated p-p38MAPK expression. Pretreatment of H9c2 cardiac cells with either LA for 24 h or SB203580 （an inhibitor of p38MAPK） for 60 min prior to exposure to HG reduced HG-induced injuries, as evidenced by an increase in cell viability, decreases in apoptotic cells, ROS production and dissipation of MMP. Conclusion The leptin-p38MAPK pathway is involved in HG-induced cardiomyocyte injury.

Abstract:Aim To investigate the effect of high glucose on regulating the expression of CD36 and lipid accumulation in THP-1 macrophages. Methods THP-1 macrophages were incubated with different concentrations of D-glucose （5.6, 11, 20, 30 and 35 mmol/L）, 50 mg/L oxidized low density lipoprotein （ox-LDL）, 50 mg/L ox-LDL＋20 mmol/L D-glucose for 24 h. Total cholesterol content in THP-1 macrophages was determined by high performance liquid chromatography, the lipid accumulation was detected by oil red O stain. CD36 mRNA and protein levels were determined by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction （RT-PCR） and Western blot, respectively. Results With the increase of D-glucose concentration treating THP-1 macrophages, the expression of CD36 mRNA and protein were up-regulated gradually （P<0.05）, high glucose in concert with ox-LDL induced the expression of CD36 mRNA and protein in THP-1 macrophages （P<0.05）, and enhanced the level of total cholesterol （P<0.05）. Conclusion High glucose can up-regulate the expression of CD36 and increase the lipid accumulation in THP-1 macrophages.

Abstract:Aim To investigate effect of OX40-OX40L signal on the expression of cyclophilin A （CyPA） in atherosclerotic plaque of apolipoprotein E gene knockout （ApoE^－/－） mice. Methods Atherosclerotic plaque model was produced by perivascular carotid collar placement in ApoE^－/－ mice. 48 male ApoE^－/－ mice were anesthetized by intraperitoneal injection of ketamine. Subsequently, the right common carotid artery was separated, and Silicone Collar was placed on the right common carotid artery. ApoE^-/- mice were randomly allocated to inhibition group （intraperitoneal injection of anti-OX40L 200 μg, once a week, 6 weeks）, stimulation group （intraperitoneal injection of anti-OX40 200 μg, once a week, 6 weeks） and control group （intraperitoneal injection of IgG2b 200 μg, once a week, 6 weeks）, mice were sacrificed after high fat diet and intraperitoneal injection of antibodies was received for 6 weeks. The expression of CyPA protein and mRNA levels in atherosclerotic plaque were detected by immunohistochemisty, Western blot, qRT-PCR, respectively. Results Dealing with perivascular carotid collar placement and high fat diet in ApoE^－/－ mice after 6 weeks, plaque formation, part of intima and media thickening and elastic lamina deformation were detected in control. Compared with control group, the carotid sections of plaque area of stimulation group were significantly increased, while those in inhibition group were significantly decreased, the expressions of CyPA protein and mRNA were significantly increased in atherosclerotic plaque （P<0.05）. However, after intraperitoneal injection of anti-OX40L to inhibit OX40-OX40L ligand, the expressions of CyPA protein and mRNA were significantly decreased in atherosclerotic plaque （P<0.05）. Conclusion The expression of CyPA in ApoE^－/－ mice is modulated by the OX40-OX40L signal.

Abstract:Aim To investigate the effect and mechanism of miR-19b on ATP binding cassette transporter A1 （ABCA1） mediated intracellular cholesterol efflux. Methods After transfected miR-19b mimic and inhibitor into THP-1 derived macrophage, cholesterol efflux was detected with liquid scintillator, and intracellular lipid droplet was stained with oil red O. The binding of miR-19b with ABCA1 3′UTR was analyzed with bioinformatics websites. MiR-19b binding to ABCA1 3′UTR was confirmed with luciferase reporter assay. ABCA1 expression was measured by Western bolt. Results MiR-19b dramatically suppressed macrophage cholesterol efflux, resulting in excessive lipid accumulation and foam cells formation. The exactly opposite results were observed by anti-miR-19b in THP-1 macrophage. MiR-19b bound to the 3110-3116 sites within ABCA1 3′UTR, and their binding free energy was very low. MiR-19b potently inhibited the luciferase activity and macrophage ABCA1 expression. Conclusions MiR-19b targets ABCA1 and inhibits intracellular cholesterol efflux, causing excessive lipid accumulation in macrophage.

Abstract:Aim To investigate the protective effect of 5,7-Dihydroxyl-8-nitrio chrysin （8-NOChR） on the growth of vascular endothelial cell damaged by lysophosphatidyl choline （LPC） and its possible molecular mechanism. Methods Human umbilical vein endothelial cells （HUVEC） were incubated in vitro, the damaged effect of LPC on HUVEC cells and the rivalry effect of various concentration of 8-NOChR on HUVEC cells induced by LPC were evaluated by MTT assay. The colony formations were detected by plate colony formation assay. Distribution of cell cycle was analyzed by flow cytometry. Western blot assay was used to measure proteins related to cell cycle. Results MTT showed the viability of HUVEC treated with LPC decreased in a dose and time dependent manner compared with the cells treated with NS group and 0.1%DMSO group （P<0.05）, while 8-NOChR could increase the viability and the colony formations of cells treated with LPC in a dose and time-dependent manner compared with the LPC group （P<0.05）. FCM indicated the G₂/M accumulation of HUVEC treated with LPC combining 8-NOChR decreased in dose-dependent, and the expression of cyclin A and cyclin B protein were activated （P<0.05）, and protein level of P53 and P21 were down-regulated （P<0.05）, while the expression of CDK1 protein showed no change with the same treatment（P>0.05）. Conclusion 8-NOChR could significantly prevent the damaged HUVEC induced by LPC, which correlated with activation of cyclin A and cyclin B protein and down-regulation of P53 and P21 protein.

Abstract:Aim To observe the change of serum total cholesterol （TC） and efficiency of the synthesis and absorption of cholesterol in the mfat-1 mice after high fat diet, and to explore the relative mechanism. Methods 12 mfat-1 mice as experimental group and 12 C57BL / 6 mice as control group were given high fat diet for 4 weeks. Blood was taken from the heart, and the liver tissue extracted four weeks later. The content of liver lipids eicosapentaenoic acid（EPA）, docosahexenoic acid（DHA）, docosapentaenoic acid（DPA）,α-linolenic acid（ALA）, linoleic acid（LA）, arachidonic acid（AA）, serum TC, and the level of cholesterol synthesis markers （squalene, desmosterol） , absorption markers（campesterol,β-sitosterol,stigmasterol） , were determined with gas chromatogram. The express of cholesterol synthesis rate-limiting enzyme in liver, 3-Hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl- coenzyme A reductase（HMG-COAR）, were determined with ELISA. Results In the contents of liver membrance lipid, the ratio of ω-6/ω-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids in the experimental group was significantly lower than that in the control group （1.70 vs 6.04, P<0.01）. The levels of liver HMG-COAR in the experimental group were significantly lower than those in the control group（379.76±22.37 vs 443.98±27.99, P<0.01）. The levels of plasma TC, cholesterol synthesis markers （squalene, desmosterol） and absorption markers （campesterol,β-sitosterol, stigmasterol） in the experimental group were significantly lower than those in the control group （0.91±0.07 vs 1.16±0.85, P<0.01 0.63±0.17 vs 1.24±0.36, 3.89±0.54 vs 6.57±1.06, P<0.05 16.10±2.28 vs 21.24±2.96, 1.07±0.18 vs 1.76±0.43, 28.78±5.60 vs 42.30±5.81, P<0.01, respectively）.Conclusion The mfat-1 mice can inhibit cholesterol synthesis and absorption, thus decrease the total cholesterol.

Abstract:Aim To approach the possible mechanism of Guanxinshutong capsule on the progression and stability of atherosclerotic plaque through observing the effects of Guanxinshutong capsule on pathologic morphology and expression of tissue matrix metalloproteinase inhibitor-1 （TIMP-1）, matrix metalloproteinases-9 （MMP-9） of atherosclerotic plaque in ApoE^－/－ mice model with experimental atherosclerosis. Methods The animals were fed with high fat diet. They were randomly divided into 3 groups when they were 20 weeks old （10 mice in every group）. They were high fat diet fed group （HF）, high fat diet and high-dose Guanxinshutong capsule ［1.8 g/（kg·d）］ group （HH）, high fat diet and low-dose Guanxinshutong capsule ［0.6 g/（kg·d）］ group （HL）. All the animals were fed for 12 weeks.After administered for 12 weeks, mice were sacrificed. The area and thickness of atherosclerotic plaque were observed by the methods of oil red O and HE stain. The expressions of TIMP-1, MMP-9 in the plaque were detected by immune fluorescence staining method. Results Compared with HF group, the changes of the area and thickness of atherosclerotic plaque in HH group and HL group were obvious （P<0.05）. The expression of TIMP-1 didn’t have significant differences between groups （P>0.05） and MMP-9 in treatment groups were lower than those of model group （P<0.05）. Moreover, Significant differences were also observed between treatment groups （P<0.05）. Conclusion Guanxinshutong capsule can inhibit the formation and progression of atherosclerotic plaque and stabilize the unstable plaque through down-regulating the MMP-9 expression in atherosclerotic plaque, inhibiting the collagen decomposition.

Abstract:Aim To explore the roles of silent information regulator 1 （Sirt1） in edaravone （EDA）-induced myocardial protection in isoprenaline （ISO）-damaged H9c2 cardiomyocytes. Methods H9c2 cardiomyocytes were treated with ISO to establish an in vitro model of myocardial injury induced by persistent beta-1 adrenergic receptor excitement. Prior to the treatment with ISO, EDA was administered to test its protection. To clarify the roles of Sirt1, a selective inhibitor Sirtinol was used before ISO or EDA. Cell viability, lactate dehydrogenase （LDH） release, intracellular malondialdehyde （MDA） content, Sirt1 protein and glucose-regulated protein （GPR78） （an endoplasmic reticulum stress protein） expressions were measured. Results Treatment with ISO reduced viability and Sirt1 expression, raised LDH release from H9c2 cardiomyocytes. Preconditioning with 20 μmol/L Sirtinol for 30 min significantly attenuated the cell injury induced by treatment with 80 μmol/L ISO for 48 h （P<0.01）. Preconditioning with 40 μmol/L EDA partially decreased ISO-induced downregulation of Sirt1 （P<0.01）. In addition, pretreatment with EDA exhibited obvious cardiac protection, evidenced by increased viability （P<0.01）, suppressed LDH release （P<0.01）, MDA generation （P<0.01） and GRP78 expression （P<0.01）. These protective effects were markedly impeded by pretreatment with 20 μmol/L Sirtinol for 30 min. Conclusion Sirt1 participates in EDA-induced myocardial protection against ISO-caused injury in H9c2 cardiomyocytes.

Abstract:Aim To investigate the association between vascular endothelial function and arteriosclerosis in prehypertensive, hypertensive and healthy subjects. Methods 810 consecutive subjects were divided into three groups: hypertension group, prehypertension group and control group. Brachial-ankle pulse wave velocity （baPWV） and flow-mediated brachial artery dilation （FMD） were used to evaluate the artery vascular stiffness and endothelial function respectively. Results Prehypertension group had lower baPWV values and higher FMD values than those in hypertension group（1419.98±209.18 cm/s vs 1487.92±316.99 cm/s and 6.84%±2.64% vs 6.45%±2.46%, P＜0.001）. And there were significant differences between prehypertension group and normal group （1243.33±170.52 cm/s and 8.01%±2.78%）. Furthermore, FMD was significantly and negatively correlated to baPWV in overall population （r-0.316,P<0.001）, hypertension （r＝－0.354, P＜0.001） and prehypertension（r＝－0.266, ＜0.001） group but not in normal group （r＝－0.104, P＝0.097）. Stepwise multiple linear regression analysis showed that FMD was significantly correlated to baPWV in prehypertension group. Conclusions Vascular endothelial dysfunction is initiated in prehypetensive subjects. Therefore, it is necessary to detect FMD in prehypertensive subjects to avoid the progress of arteriosclerosis.

Abstract:Aim To seek the association between plasma osteopontin （OPN） levels and severity of coronary heart disease in non-diabetic subjects. Methods A total of 166 stable angina patients free of diabetes were enrolled in the study. Clinical characteristic of patients was recorded. Plasma OPN levels were measured by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay method. Coronary heart disease was determined by coronary artery angiography. The extent of coronary artery stenosis was represented as the numbers of >50% stenotic vessels. Coronary artery clacification was evaluated by 64 slice spiral CT. The coronary artery clacification scores were classified into 4 categories on the basis of their severity: no calcification （≤10）, mild calcification （11～100）, moderate （101～400）, severe （> 400）. Results As the severity of coronary artery calcification and coronary stenosis, plasma OPN levels were increased. Plasma OPN levels were positively associated with coronary artery calcification and coronary stenosis. Conclusion Plasma OPN levels can be considered as an independent factor of coronary artery calcification and coronary stenosis in coronary heart disease patient without diabetes.

Abstract:Aim To retrospectively assess the effectiveness and safety of China-made drug eluting stent （CM-DES） implantation for the treatment of mild-to-modest calcified lesions in patients with acute coronary syndrome （ACS）.Methods Three hundred and twenty consecutive patients of ACS with 434 ischemia related lesions were implanted with CM-DES and received 6～12 months angiographic follow-up. The patients were divided into two groups according to whether the calcification exists or not: non-calcification groups （n267） and calcification group （n167）. Lesions treated with CM-DES were subjected to quantitative coronary angiography （QCA） at immediately and 6～12 months following stenting. Results Baseline clinical, demographic or angiographic characteristics were well comparable between the two groups. At follow-up, no differences were found between the two groups regarding in-stent restenosis （ISR） and in-segment restenosis rate （ISRR） （ISR: 3.9% vs. 4.3% P0.079 ISRR: 8.9% vs. 10.7%, P0.449）. The similar result was also observed concerning the target lesion revascularization （5.1% vs. 6.7% P0.401）. Besides, no difference about in-stent late loss （ISLL） and overall thrombosis rate （TR） was detected in both groups （ISLL: 0.18±0.42 mm vs. 0.19±0.43 mm TR: 1.7% vs. 1.4%, P>0.05 respectively）. Conclusion Our results indicated that implantation of CM-DES for patient of ACS with mild-to-modest calcified lesions was effective and conferred to similar outcomes compared with non-calcified coronary arteries without additional increase in major adverse cardiac events.

Abstract:Aim To investigate the clinical significance of microRNA-126 （miR-126） expression level in peripheral plasma from type 1 diabetic patients and the relationship between miR-126 expression level and the endothelial injury of type 1 diabetes mellitus. Methods The miR-126 expression level was investigated in plasma from 47 type 1 diabetic patients and 50 healthy matched controls by real-time fluorescent quantitative polymerase chain reaction （PCR）. The expression of endothelial nitric oxide synthase （eNOS） was measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay （ELISA）. The relationship between miR-126 and the endothelial injury of type 1 diabetes mellitus was analyzed by correlation analysis. Results The miR-126 expression level was significantly decreased in the group of T1DM compared to control group. Also, the expression of eNOS was significantly decreased in the group of T1DM. MiR-126 was positively correlated with eNOS. Conclusions The expression level of miR-126 in peripheral plasma from type 1 diabetic patients was lower than that of the healthy controls. T1DM patients were often accompanied with endothelial dysfunction and vascular complications, so this indicated that the decreased expression of miR-126 was involved in the endothelial dysfunction of T1DM. MiR-126 may be mediated by endothelial injury and participate in the development and progression of diabetic vascular complications.

Abstract:Aim To investigate the relationship between urinary albumin creatinine ratio （UACR） and brachial-ankle pulse wave velocity （baPWV） in type 2 diabetes patients. Methods A total of 800 type 2 diabetes mellitus （T2DM） patients were enrolled in a cross sectional study. baPWV, lipid, renal function, UACR, fasting C-peptide, glycosylated hemoglobin, serum calcium, serum phosphorus and parathyroid hormone were measured. The correlations between baPWV and parameters were analyzed. Results With the increased level of age, baPWV increased （P<0.001）. UACR levels were classified into three groups. The mean baPWV in group of UACR＞300 mg/g （1958.10±530.76 cm/s） was higher than group of UACR＜30 mg/g （1609.86±310.98 cm/s） and UACR 30～300 mg/g （1659.88±354.27 cm/s）, and the differences were statistically significant （both P<0.005）. Pearson analysis showed that age, systolic blood pressure, pulse pressure difference, serum urea nitrogen and UACR were positively correlated with baPWV （r＝0.554, 0.393, 0.440, 0.158, 0.300, all P<0.05）, while serum albumin, estimated glomerular filtration rate, phosphorus and multiplication of calcium and phosphorus were negtively correlated with baPWV （r＝－0.195,-0.261, －0.203, －0.176, all P<0.05）. In the multiple linear step-down regression model with baPWV as the dependent variable, age, systolic blood pressure and UACR were positively associated with baPWV （β＝0.488, 0.266, 0.143, t＝14.55, 8.12, 4.47, all P<0.001）, while phosphorus was inversely associated with baPWV （β＝－0.083, t＝－2.57, P<0.05）. Conclusion BaPWV was independently associated with age, systolic blood pressure, UACR and serum phosphorus.

Abstract:Aim To investigate the correlation between homocysteine （Hcy）, cystatin C （Cys C） and patients with essential hypertension and hypertensive intracerebral hemorrhage. Methods Subjects were divided in to hypertensive intracerebral hemorrhage group （108 cases）, essential hypertension group （100 cases） and control group （100 cases）, and their cystatin C, homocysteine and total cholesterol （TC） and triglycerides （TG） were surveyed. Results The patients with hypertensive intracerebral hemorrhage and essential hypertension had higher levels of Hcy and Cys C than the control group （P<0.05）. The patients with hypertensive intracerebral hemorrhage had higher levels of Hcy and CysC than the essential hypertension group （P<0.05）. There was no correlation between Hcy and CysC with TC and TG （P>0.05）. Conclusion Cystatin C, Homocysteine determination have important significance to early prevention and treatment of hypertension and cerebral hemorrhage.

Abstract:Aim To observe the effect of peroral folic acid in patients with coronary artery disease （CAD）. Methods Sixty patients with CAD were involved in the study, and were randomly divided into placebo and folic acid groups each with 30 patients. Backgrounds and levels of serum folic acid, homocysteine （Hcy）, malondialdehyde （MDA）, low density lipoprotein cholesterol （LDLC） and flow-mediated vasodilation （FMD） were measured, and the difference was detected. All patients were given medicines based on secondary prevention of CAD. Then patients were given 5 mg/d of folic acid or placebo orally respectively for 4 weeks until 8 weeks. After periods of treatments, indicators of the forementioned were measured and compared not only between the two groups, but also before and after treatments.

Abstract:Aim To evaluate the clinical effect of Salvianolate on patients with acute myocardial infarction （AMI）by detecting the level of sCD40L and E-selectin and P-selectin in blood serum. Methods 120 patients with AMI were enrolled in the study and were randomly assigned to the Salvianolate group（60 patients）and the routine group （60 patients）. All patients were treated with conventional drugs, while the Salvianolate group was administered with Salvianolale additionally for 14 days. The change of symptoms was observed and the levels of sCD40L and E-selectin、P-selectin was recorded before and after the treatments respectively. Results Both Salvianolate group and routine group could ameliorate the symptom and the level of sCD40L, E-selectin and P-selectin in the two groups was decreased. Compared with routine group，Salvianolate further decreased the level of sCD40L and E-selectin and P-selectin （P<0.05）. Serum sCD40L was significantly correlated with P-selectin （r0.698，P<0.01）, while serum sCD40L was significantly correlated with E-selectin （r0.692，P<0.01）. Conclusion Salvianolate significantly improved the symptoms of AMI patients. That reduction of sCD40L, E-selectin and P-selectin might be one of the mechanisms responsible for improving clinic syndrome.

Abstract:Aim To discuss the relationship between H-type hypertension and renal insufficiency in patients with coronary atherosclerotic heart disease （CHD） and chronic heart failure （CHF）. Methods 100 CHD patients with both hypertension and CHF were chosen in our hospital from January 2011 to July 2013. Left ventricular ejection fraction （LVEF） was measured with echocardiography and estimated glomerular filtration rate （eGFR） was calculated with the simplified modification of diet in renal disease （MDRD） equation in all these patients. Brain natriuretic peptide （BNP） and plasma homocysteine （Hcy） were tested when they were first enrolled. According to Hcy level, all the patients were divided into two different groups: H-type hypertension group （Hcy≥10 μmol/L, n59） and simple hypertension group （Hcy＜10 μmol/L, n41）. Age, gender, body mass index （BMI）, LVEF, BNP, eGFR and classification of cardiac function were compared between the two groups. Then all patients’eGFR were evaluated and classified into different stages according to chronic kidney disease （CKD） progression, from CKD1 to CKD4, and the percentage of H-type hypertension, LVEF, BNP, Hcy level were all compared between the four different groups. Finally in order to identify the risk factor of renal insufficiency in patients with CHD and CHF, Logistic regression analysis modal was established with the dependent variable-eGFR, and the independent variables, like age, gender, BMI, smoking, diabetes, H-type hypertension.

Abstract:Aim To explore the diagnostic value of plasma NT-proBNP level on short-term prognostic outcomes in patients with acute coronary syndrome （ACS） and type 2 diabetes mellitus （T2DM）. Methods The follow-up data of 248 in-patients with ACS and T2DM were collected to study. All patients were divided into four groups （Q1-Q4） according to the quartile of the NT-proBNP levels. The global registry of acute coronary events （GRACE） scores and the occurrence of major adverse cardiac events （MACE） were compared among four groups. With 6 months of follow-up, all patients were divided into two groups, control group （116 cases, non-compliance with MACE） and research group （132 cases, compliance with MACE）, according to the prognostic outcome. The indexes of NT-proBNP, HbA1c, FBG, PBG and the GRACE score were compared between two groups. The correlations of the above factors and HR, SBP, Killip class, coronary blood flow TIMI grade to the occurrence of MACE were confirmed by Logistic regression analysis. The best cutoff point of NT-proBNP was confirmed by the areas under the receiver operating curve （ROC）. Results The sequence of the GRACE score and high-risk percent to Q1-Q4 groups was Q4>Q3>Q2>Q1 （P<0.05）, and the sequence of the MACE occurrence was also Q4>Q3>Q2>Q1 （P<0.05）. After follow-up for 6 months, compared to control group, the value of NT-proBNP and GRACE of research group were higher （P<0.05）, but the values of HbA1c, FBS and PBS were not different （P>0.05）.

Abstract:Aim To observe the early dynamic changes of the serum level of myeloperoxidase （MPO） after percutaneous coronary intervention （PCI） in patients with acute myocardial infarction （AMI）, and investigate the prognostic value of MPO for in-hospital major adverse cardiovascular events （MACE） in AMI patients treated by PCI. MethodsA total of 68 consecutive patients hospitalized with chest pain for the first time who had the onset of symptoms within 12 h were selected and arteriography was performed. They were divided into 44 patients treated by PCI （stent group） and 22 patients assessed by coronary angiography only （angiography group）. And 15 patients with normal coronary arteries were selected as normal control group. Blood samples were collected at baseline （T0） and 30 min, 4 h, 12 h and 24 h （T1, T2, T3, T4） after surgery, MPO and high-sensitive C-reactive protein （hs-CRP） were measured using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay （ELISA）. Patient in-hospital MACE of stent group was recorded. Results （1）Both MPO and hs-CRP levels were significantly higher in stent or angiography group than in normal control group, but there were no significant difference between the stent and angiography group. （2）The MPO and hs-CRP levels of stent group reached to the peak at T2, T4, respectively, and were significantly higher than T0 （P<0.01）. Both MPO and hs-CRP of the two groups all showed a trend of gradually increasing, and reached to their highest value. The peak value of the two factors in stent group were higher than that in angiograph group significantly （P<0.01）. No dynamic changes in levels of MPO and hs-CRP were found in normal control group before and after arteriography at the different time points. （3）There was a total of 9 patients with MACE during the hospitalization in stent group. The receiver operating characteristic curve （ROC curve） analysis revealed the level of MPO at T2 had the highest predictive value for MACE ［area under curve （AUC）＝0.823, cut-off point＝792.850 μg/L, sensitivity＝88.9%, specificity＝70.3%, P＝0.003］. Conclusions MPO is a sensitive resemble of the early inflammatory response in patients with AMI after PCI. It significantly elevated and rapidly reached to the peak in the early stage after PCI. And the predictive value of MPO after PCI was superior at preoperative for in-hospital MACE due to the patients with AMI treated by PCI.

Abstract:Endothelial microparticles （EMP） are lipid membrane vesicles released by activated or apoptotic endothelial cells. EMP play an important role in endothelial cell injury, procoagulant, proinflammatory and signal transdution and so on. The level of circulating EMP is increased in a series of diseases, such as atherosclerosis, coronary heart disease, diabetes, sepsis and vicious hypertension. Atherosclerosis is the pathological basis for the development of many vascular diseases and accounts for the major cause of mortality and morbidity in acute cardiovascular and cerebrovascular events. This paper provides an overview of the role of EMP in the development of atherosclerosis.

Abstract:Familial hypercholesterolemia （FH） is an autosomal dominant monogenic disease characterized by elevated total and low-density lipoprotein （LDL）cholesterol levels in plasma, skin and tendon xanthomata, premature cardiovascular disease （CAD）. Because of the high risk of CAD in FH patients, an early and correct diagnosis and appropriate treatment for controlling LDLC levels is crucial. According to the latest research in Europe displaying the prevalence of 1/200～1/500, it is preliminarily estimated that there are 14～34 million heterozygous FH in the world. However, <1% are diagnosed in most countries including our country. Therefore, the early diagnosis and treatment of FH patients with higher risk of CAD have become a serious problem worldwide. This article will review the associated FH patients according to the latest international treatment guidelines, provide a basis for appropriate guidelines of our management of FH patients.

Abstract:The hippocampus is one of the ischemia-sensitive parts of the brain. After hippocampal ischemic injury, the organisms’ function, such as learning and memory, declined, and eventually led to the occurrence of neurodegenerative diseases. The significant difference of selective vulnerability in the different sectors of the hippocampus is an important feature of the pathological changes of cerebral ischemia. In this article, we make a brief summary of recent research on mechanisms of hippocampal ischemic injury, including excitatory amino acid toxicity and oxidative stress, immune inflammation, and apoptosis.