Abstract:There are two local conditions for coronary artery spasmie. Firstly, coronary artery smooth muscle hyperresponsiveness that leads to coronary artery hypersensitive to vasoconstrictor substances results in increased contraction and even spasm and secondly, enough vasoconstrictor substances exists locally to induce coronary artery spasm. Endothelin-1 is the strongest vasoconstrictor substance in man. Studies have demonstrated that activation of extracellular signal-regulated kinases 1 and 2(ERK1/2)by risk factors for coronary spasm like hyperlipidemia and cigarette smoke can mediate endothelin receptor upregulation in coronary artery smooth muscle cells, subsequently results in significantly increased coronary artery sensitivity to endothelin-1 and leads to increase in vasoconstriction, and even vasospasm. Here, we review recent studies on the role of endothelin receptor upregulation in coronary artery spasm, which might provide new therapeutic targets and novel strategy for treatment of coronary artery spasm.

Abstract:Aim To discuss the protective effect and mechanism of salidroside on homocysteine(Hcy）-induced endothelial cell injury. Methods Human umbilical vein endothelial cells(HUVEC)were cultured in different concentrations of Hcy, then the concentration of positive significance(1 mmol/L)was picked out. HUVEC were cultured with different concentrations of salidroside and Hcy concetration for 24 hours was chosen. Cell viability was assessed with MTT assay, the mRNA levels of Bip, CHOP were detected by real-time quantitative PCR(RT-PCR）. The protein levels of Bip, CHOP, phosphorylation of PERK, IRE1α were examined by Western blot. Results We observed that Hcy(0.5 mmol/L, 1 mmol/L, 2 mmol/L and 4 mmol/L)induced dysfunction of HUVEC, increased the mRNA and protein levels of Bip and CHOP(P<0.05）, and elevated PERK and IRE1α phosphorylation(P<0.05)in HUVEC. Salidroside attenuated the cell damage effects of Hcy on HUVEC in a dose-dependent manner. The cell viability of HUVEC were up-regulated by salidroside compared with Hcy treated group(P<0.05）. We also found that mRNA and protein levels of Bip and CHOP were down-regulated by salidroside(300 μmol/L)compared with Hcy treated group(P<0.05）, while PERK and IRE1α phosphorylation were increased(P<0.05)in HUVEC. Conclusions These findings suggested that salidroside could attenuate high Hcy induced injury in HUVEC, partly through inhibiting endoplasmic reticulum stress pathway.

Abstract:Aim To investigate the effect of profilin-1 on the process of endothelial cell damage mediated by advanced glycation end product(AGE)in cultured human umbilical vein endothelial cell(HUVEC）. Methods The endothelial cells were incubated by AGE with different concentrations(100, 200, 400 mg/L)and times(6, 12, 24, 48 h）. The protein expression of profilin-1 were determined by Western blot. The morphology and distribution of F-actin was detected by immunofluorescent staining. The levels of asymmetric dimethylargnine(ADMA）, intercellular adhesion molecule-1(ICAM-1）, nitric oxide(NO)in cultured condition and reactive oxygen species(ROS)were detected by related kits. Results Compared with control, profilin-1 protein expression was significantly up-regulated after treatment with 200 mg/L AGE for 24 h, concomitantly with the markedly increased levels of ICAM-1, ADMA and ROS and the significantly decreased levels of NO. Compared with control, the morphology and distribution of F-actin was significantly altered by AGE. Interfering with the profilin-1 gene expression can protect the extent of cell damage induced by AGE by down-regulating the protein expression of profilin-1, improving the distribution of F-actin, decreasing the levels of ICAM-1 and ADMA and increasing the levels of NO. Conclusion AGE induced endothelial cell damage by upregulating the expression of profilin-1

Abstract:Aim To explore the role and mechanism of liver X receptor α(LXRα)agonist on increased cleaved interleukin-1β(IL-1β)expression caused by Nod-like receptor protein-3(NLRP3)inflammasome in macrophages. Methods THP-1 cells were activated into macrophages by phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate(PMA）, and then were divided into different groups: model group(1 μg/L cholesterol crystal）, GW3965 high, middle and low concentration groups(added 30 μmol/L, 10 μmol/L, 3.3 μmol/L GW3965 based on model group）, GW3965＋GGPP group(10 μmol/L GW3965 plus 10 μmol/L GGPP）, GGPP group(10 μmol/L GGPP）, ABCA1 antibody and apolipoprotein E(ApoE)antibody groups(10 μmol/L GW3965 plus 1∶200 ABCA1 or ApoE respectively）. Total RNA, total protein, nuclear protein and supernatant protein were extracted after 48 h treatment. mRNA levels of ABCA1, NLRP3, Caspase-1 and IL-1β were detected by real-time PCR, and the protein levels of ABCA1, NLRP3, Caspase-1, nuclear NF-κB p65, IL-1β and cleaved IL-1β were measured by Western blot. Results Compared with control group, cleaved IL-1β, NLRP3 and Caspase-1 levels were significantly increased after the stimulation of cholesterol crystal(P<0.05)in model group. The treatments of middle and high concentration GW3965 attenuated the alterations(P<0.05）. Compared with GW3965 middle concentration group, there were significant statics differences of the above biomarker levels in GW3965＋GGPP group, but not in ABCA1 antibody or ApoE antibody group. Conclusion LXRα agonist GW3965 can attenuate the increased level of cleaved IL-1β caused by NLRP3 Inflammasome, and NF-κB p65 pathway may be involved in the mechanism.

Abstract:Aim To detect the development of monocytes(Ly6G^－CD11b^＋Ly6C^hi and Ly6G^－CD11b^＋Ly6C^lo)and proliferating macrophage in atherosclerosis of ApoE^―/― mice. Methods We randomly assigned 40 ApoE^－/－ mice into high-fat diet or normal chow diet group, which were sacrificed at the end of weeks 2, 4, 6 and 8. Lipids of aortic sinus were stained with oil red O. The macrophage and proliferating macrophage(F4/80 and Ki67 double positive cells)in plaque were detected by immunofluorescence staining and confocal microscopy. Flow cytometry methods were used to analyze the proportions of circulationg monocyte subsets. Results In the formation progress of atherosclerosis, aortic atherosclerosis gradually aggravated with high-fat diet over time. The total macrophages and proliferation macrophage density showed an increasing trend before the first four weeks with high-fat diet, which reached a peak at the fourth week. Before the first six weeks with high-fat diet, the percentage of proliferating macrophage and macrophages density were gradually increased and reached a peak at the sixth week. The proportions of cycle Ly6C^hi monocyte was increased with high-fat diet time passing. Conclusions In the development progress of atherosclerosis model, the proportions of circulating Ly6G^－CD11b^＋Ly6C^hi monocyte subsets gradually aggravated with high-fat diet time passing and the increasing is consistent. Proliferating macrophage density reached a plateau at the first four weeks.

Abstract:Aim To use velocity vector imaging(VVI)to monitor changes in left ventricular twist in a New Zealand white rabbit model of acute myocardial ischemia. Methods Forty rabbits were randomly assigned to acute myocardial ischemia group and sham operation group. All rabbits were examined by dynamic echocardiography before the ligation or sham operation and again within 30 minutes afterwards. Peak rotate angle, peak twist velocity and peak untwist velocity were measured by VVI in the basal and apical level of the left ventricular myocardium. Results Peak rotate angle, peak twist velocity and peak untwist velocity in the basal level had no remarkable changes(P>0.05）. In contrast, peak rotate angle, peak twist velocity and peak untwist velocity in the apical level was significantly lower in the acute myocardial ischemia group after surgery than before, and it was significantly lower than in the control group after the sham operation(all P<0.05）. Similar results were obtained for global rotate angle, global twist velocity, and global untwist velocity of left ventricular. Conclusions Systolic twist and diastolic untwist decreased after myocardial ischemia, which was mainly caused by changes at apical level. VVI can accurately measure minor alterations in left ventricular twist of a rabbit model of acute myocardial ischemia. These findings suggest that VVI may provide a reliable, noninvasive quantitative tool for early diagnosis of acute myocardial ischemia.

Abstract:Aim To explore the potential role of activated X-box-binding protein-1(XBP-1)in apoptosis of endothelial cells induced by high mobility group box-1 protein(HMGB1）. Methods The HUVEC12 were divided into three groups: control group, HMGB1 stimulating group, virus interference and HMGB1 stimulating group(XBP1 was silenced and then HMGB1 was added）. The spliced XBP1(sXBP1)gene expression was measured by RT-PCR, Caspase-3 protein expression was measured by Western blot, and the apoptosis was analyzed by fluorescence staining with Annexin-V and PI staining. Results Compared with control group, sXBP1 gene expression was up-regulated, Caspase-3 protein expression was up-regulated, cell apoptosis rate was increased(all P<0.05)in HMGB1 stimulating group. While compared with control group, sXBP1 gene expression change was not significant, Caspase-3 protein expression variation was not significant, and the cell apoptosis rate was not increased in virus interference and HMGB1 stimulating group(all P>0.05）. Compared with HMGB1 stimulating group, sXBP1 gene expression and Caspase-3 protein expression was down-regulated(P<0.05）, and cell apoptosis rate was decreased(P<0.05)in virus interference and HMGB1 stimulating group. Conclusion The XBP1 played an important role in endothelial cell apoptosis induced by high mobility group box-1 protein.

Abstract:Aim To investigate the expression of vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-2(VEGFR-2)and signaling pathways downstream in endothelial progenitor cell(EPC)treated with procyanidine under the environment of high glucose. Methods To isolate rat bone marrow EPC with Ficoll density gradient centrifugation, the proliferation and oxidative stress production was respectively detected using spectrophotometer and enzyme standard instrument in control glucose group(5.5 mmol/L glucose＋25 mmol/L mannitol)and high glucose group(30 mmol/L glucose）. To detect the proliferation of the EPC treated with various concentration of anthocyanins in different time points, in order to select optimum concentration of oligomeric proanthocyanidin(OPC）(30 mg/L）. Tube formation capacity was respectively detected using Matrigel matrix in four groups, including control glucose＋OPC group, control glucose group, high glucose＋OPC group and high glucose group. Finally malondialdehyde(MDA)value and protein expression of VEGFR-2, p-AKT, nuclear factor-kappa B(NF-κB)and inhibitor kappa B-α（IKB-α)was respectively detected in the 1, 3, 5, 7 days. Results Compared with control glucose group, the number of cell apoptosis and oxidative stress production were more in high glucose group. Tube formation capacity had no obvious difference between control glucose＋OPC group and control glucose group. The number of tube formation in high glucose＋OPC group was more than high glucose group. In control glucose group, the protein expression of VEGFR-2, p-AKT, NF-κB, IKB-α and oxidative stress production had no statistical differences in EPC treated with OPC in 1, 3, 5, 7 days. In high glucose group, oxidative stress production significantly reduced, while the protein expression of VEGFR-2, p-AKT, NF-κB obviously increase in EPC treated with OPC in 1, 3, 5, 7 days, excluding the protein expression of IKB-α. Conclusion OPC can alleviate oxidative damage of EPC affected on high glucose, and improve expression of VEGFR-2, and activate its downstream pathway to promote EPC proliferation.

Abstract:Aim To explore injury action and phenotype shift on mouse vascular smooth muscle cells by cigarette smoke extract(CSE）. Methods CSE was prepared, 2.5%, 5%, 10% and 5% of CSE was respectively used to treat mouse vascular smooth muscle cells(MOVAS cells）, and normal MOVAS cells were used as control group. Cell survival rate was detected by MTT assay. Intracellular reactive oxidative species(ROS)level was estimated by ROS kit. MOVAS cell cycle and apoptotic rate were respectively analyzed by flow cytometry instrument combining PI simple staining and Annexin V-PI double staining. SMemb and SMA mRNA expression of MOVAS cells were analyzed by real-time quantitative PCR, SMemb and SMA protein expression of MOVAS cells were measured by Western blot. Results After 2.5%, 5%, 10% and 20% CSE processed, survival rate of MOVAS cells was respectively 89.6%±8.6%, 65.2%±10.0%, 53.6%±6.9% and 43.1%±5.9%, the difference was statistically significant compared with the control group(P<0.05）, meanwhile, ROS level increased significantly. After 10% CSE processed, the percent of cells in G1 cycle was increased obviously, the difference was statistically significant(P<0.05）. Cell apoptosis rate also increased significantly, the difference was statistically significant(P<0.05）. The expression of SMemb as MOVAS synthetic symbol was significantly increased, while the expression of SMA as contractile symbol was reduced remarkably. Conclusion CSE can injure mouse vascular smooth muscle cells, and promote the transformation of MOVAS cells’ phenotype from synthetic to contractile.

Abstract:Aim To study the correlations between the proportion and GM1 levels of lymphocyte subsets as well as cell activation and serum cholesterol levels and to discuss how high levels of cholesterol regulate lymphocyte functions and the relations to atherosclerosis. Methods A total of sixty subjects were randomly enrolled in this study during their regular physical examination with thirty females and thirty males, aged between 60 and 80 years. The proportions of peripheral blood total B lymphocytes(CD19⁺）, naive B cells(CD19⁺CD27^-）, memory B cells(CD19⁺CD27⁺）, total T lymphocytes(CD3⁺）, CD3⁺CD4⁺ and CD3⁺CD8⁺ T cells and their expression of GM1 were determined by antibody staining and flow cytometry. Phosphorylated Stat3 was detected by intracellular staining. The results were analyzed with respect of their correlations with serum cholesterol levels and the occurrence of arthrosclerosis. Results The proportion of CD19⁺ total B cells and low density lipoprotein cholesterol(LDLC)levels as well as the proportion of CD19⁺CD27⁺ memory B cells and very low density lipoprotein cholesterol(VLDLC)levels showed significantly positively correlations(P<0.05）. We have not found any significant correlations between T cell subsets and cholesterol levels(P>0.05）. The GM1 levels of memory B cells were positively correlated with both total cholesterol(TC)levels and VLDLC levels(P<0.05）. The GM1 levels of CD3⁺CD8⁺ cells were positively correlated with high density lipoprotein cholesterol(HDLC)levels(P<0.05）. BCR stimulation induced activation of Stat3. There was significant increase in the levels of Stat3 phosphorylation in high-cholesterol group compared with low-cholesterol group(P<0.01）. Conclusions High cholesterol level is a major risk factor for atherosclerosis in the elderly. The correlations between the high cholesterol levels and the proportion, GM1 levels of lymphocyte subsets and Stat3 activation suggested high cholesterol levels may regulate lymphocyte proliferation, activation, proinflammatory cytokine production, and thus promote atherosclerosis.

Abstract:Aim To determine if circulating endothelial progenitor cells in patients with aortic dissection accelerated cell senescence via oxidative stress mechanism. Methods All patients with a symptom of chest pain were divided into control group and aortic dissection group according to the result of CT angiography. Endothelial progenitor cells were isolated and identified by flow cytometry analysis. The adhesion, migration and proliferation functions of endothelial progenitor cells were separately measured by the methods fibronectin adhesion, modified Boyden chamber and MTT array. Western blot was used to detect the protein level of p16INK4a and SIRT1. The level of intracellular reactive oxygen species was analyzed by the labeled H2DCF-DA method. Results The number of circulating CD34CD133KDR-positive endothelial progenitor cells in patients with aortic dissection decreased sharply(P<0.01)and cellular functions such as adhesion, migration and proliferation were damaged when compared with those in control group(P<0.05）. The protein level of the pro-senescent marker p16INK4a was found to upregulate significantly and meanwhile the expression of anti-senescent protein SIRT1 was decreased remarkably in the aortic dissection group(P<0.05）. The level of intracellular reactive oxygen species in patients with aortic dissection was increased severely(P<0.05）. Conclusions The accumulating intracellular reactive oxygen species were found to make those dysfunctions of circulating endothelial progenitor cells such as proliferation, adhesion and migration which probably accelerated endothelial progenitor cell senescence in patients with aortic dissection.

Abstract:Background In-stent restenosis(ISR)and stent thrombosis(ST)have limited the efficacy of percutaneous coronary intervention(PCI）. Besides technical factors, the inflammatory status of an individual is a strong predictor of the risk of ISR and ST after implantation of drug-eluting stents, the value of these biomarkers remains to be evaluated. Aim We tried to evaluate the change of different inflammatory biomarkers after DES implantation. Methods We selected 130 coronary heart disease(CHD)patients who were implanted DES. The high-sensitivity C-reactive protein(hs-CRP)and interleukin-6(IL-6)were measured before, 1 day and 3 days after the procedure. Changes of these biomarkers were observed and the relationship with types of CHD and Syntax score were also evaluated. Results The hs-CRP increased significantly at 3 days after PCI compared with baseline(8.12±10.18 mg/L vs. 4.03±5.06 mg/L, P<0.001)and there was a significant increase in the IL-6 level at 1 day after PCI(65.71±34.23 ng/L vs. 56.76±34.08 ng/L, P<0.001）. The level of hs-CRP 1 day(P＝0.002)and 3 days(P＝0.016)after PCI differs between different CHD types, which increased from stable angina pectoris(SAP)to acute coronary syndrome(ACS）. Patients with higher Syntax score got a higher level of hs-CRP at 1 day(7.64±9.82 mg/L vs. 3.60±4.80 mg/L, P＝0.005 )and 3 days(11.13±10.49 vs 5.49±9.20 mg/L, P＝0.002)after PCI. The hs-CRP level at 1 day after PCI was positively correlated with the Syntax score(r＝0.247, P＝0.005）. Conclusions The procedure of PCI in CHD patients will activate acute inflammatory reaction, which can be measured with the change of hs-CRP and IL-6 levels in plasma. The inflammation in ACS patients is stronger than that in SAP patients. Patients with higher Syntax score get higher inflammatory reaction after PCI.

Abstract:Aim To explore the clinic significance of joint bedside assays of amino-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide(NT-proBNP）, cardiac troponin T(cTnT)and D-dimmer in early phase diagnosis of patients with cardiovascular emergencies. Methods From July in 2012 to December in 2013, we enrolled 257 patients who had clinic signs and symptoms of cardiovascular emergencies in cardiovascular department of our hospital, and they were randomized into regular assay group(n＝126)and quick assay group(n＝131)Moreover, from January to June in 2012 we enrolled 132 patients who had similar clinic signs and symptoms of cardiovascular emergencies and were admitted to hospital in our department as control group. We compared the accuracy rates of admitting diagnosis with discharge diagnosis among control group, regular assay group and quick assay group, and we also compared the 30-days survival rates among the three groups and the joint assay times of NT-proBNP, cTnT, D-dimmer between regular assay group and quick assay group. Results Compared the accuracy rates of admitting diagnosis with discharge diagnosis, the admitting diagnosis accuracy rate was 90.8%, 97.6%, 96.1% in control group, regular assay group and quick assay group respectively. The admitting diagnosis accuracy rates had no significance between the quick assay group and the regular assay group(P>0.05）, and the admitting diagnosis accuracy rates were significantly higher in quick assay group and regular assay group than that in control group respectively(P<0.05）. Moreover, the assay times in quick assay group were significantly shorter than that in regular assay group(P<0.01）. The 30-day survival rates in quick assay group and regular assay group had no significance(P>0.05）, but they were all significantly higher than that in control group(P<0.05）. Conclusion The joint bedside assay of NT-proBNP, cTnT, D-dimmer should be popularized widely for its contributions to quick and accuracy admitting diagnosis and improvement of prognosis in patients with cardiovascular emergencies.

Abstract:Aim To evaluate the relativity of blood gamma-glutamyl transferase（GGT)level and intracranial and extracranial artery stenosis of cerebral infarction patients. Methods According to computerized tomography angiograph（CTA）, a total of 163 cerebral infarction inpatients were divided into intracranial and extracranial artery with or without stenosis group,the blood GGT levels and other risk factors were compared among groups. Results Artery stenosis groups had significantly higher age, male, smoking, hypertension, diabetes mellitus, triglyceride（TG）, GGT, low density lipoprotein（LDL)levels than those without intracranial and extracranial artery stenosis group（P<0.05）. The levels of blood GGT of pure extracranial artery stenosis group and simple intracranial stenosis group showed no significant difference（P>0.05）. An increase in blood GGT predicts the increasing degree of cranial atherosclerotic stenosis. Logistic regression analysis showed that GGT were indepent risk factors of intracranial and extracranial atherosclerotic stenosis（OR17.863,95%CI:2.583～123.520）,which showed statistic significance（P0.003）. Conclusion The blood level of GGT and cranial atherosclerotic stenosis are closely related. The concentration of GGT is associated with severity of intracranial or extracranial stenosis. GGT is a risk factor for the cranial stenosis and has no selectivity for intracranial or extracranial artery injury.

Abstract:Aim To observe the levels of plasma B-type natriuretic peptide（BNP)in people of non-hypertension（non-HP)and patients of isolated systolic hypertension（ISH)with or without left ventricular hypertrophy（LVH)and the changes of BNP, LVH and diastolic function before and after administration of angiotensin receptor blocker（ARB）, and to investigate the associations between the changes of BNP and LVH or diastolic function. Methods Thirty-three were designed to non-HP group, thirty-eight patients with ISH, and forty-two patients with ISH and LVH served as HP groups. Echocardiography was performed to determine left ventricular mass index(LVMI)and E/A ratio, and radioimmunoassay was used to detect plasma BNP levels. Results Plasma BNP was significantly higher in two ISH groups than that in non-HP group（P<0.05 or P<0.01）. LVMI was significantly increased（P<0.05)while E/A ratio reduced（P<0.01)in patients of ISH with LVH compared with those without LVH. After administration of ARB-valsartan, BNP levels lowered in HP groups(P<0.05 or P<0.01）, and LVMI reduced while E/A ratio increased in patients of ISH with LVH（P<0.01）. The BNP levels correlated positively with LVMI（r²0.61, P<0.01)and negatively with E/A ratio（r²0.26, P<0.01)before treatment. Conclusion The plasma BNP may be a sensitive biomarker for reverse remodeling in LVH and improvement in diastolic dysfunction.

Abstract:Aim To explore the relationship between H-type hypertension and the nature of atherosclerotic plaque by the technique of intravascular ultrasound-virtual histology(IVUS-VH)in patients with coronary heart disease. Methods 71 patients in our hospital from January 2011 to March 2014 with both hypertension and coronary heart disease were chosen which included 22 samples of stable angina, 49 samples of acute coronary syndrome(ACS）. Plasma homocysteine(Hcy)and blood lipid were tested in all patients when they were enrolled. And according to the Hcy level, the patients were separated to H-type hypertension group(Hcy≥10 μmol/L, n＝42)and non H-type hypertension group(Hcy＜10 μmol/L, n＝29）. Both groups of patients accepted coronary arteriography examination and the atherosclerotic lesions were evaluated by IVUS to analyze the nature of the plaque and to identify the composition of components by IVUS-VH: fibrous(F）, fibro-fatty(FF）, necrotic core(NC)and calcium(CC）. At the last, the relationship between H-type hypertension and the plaque’s character was analyzed. Results Compared to the non H-type hypertension group, there were higher proportions of soft plaques(76.2% vs 61.7%, P<0.05）, plaque rupture(40.5% vs 13.8%, P<0.05）, sandwich and thrombosis(30.9% vs 13.8%, P<0.05)in H-type hypertension group. Analyzed by IVUS-VH, there were higher proportions of NC(23.71%±5.83% vs 15.37%±2.75%, P＝0.000)and lower proportions of CC(9.72%±4.22% vs 17.25%±0.26%, P＝0.000)in H-type hypertension group than non H-type hypertension group. Conclusion H-type hypertension is associated with the nature of atherosclerotic plaque, and it increases the vulnerability of atherosclerotic plaque in coronary artery.

Abstract:Aim To explore risk factors of resistant hypertension(RH)via the method of case-control. Methods 247 cases of hospitalized patients with hypertension taking three different antihypertensive drugs including diuretics was observed. RH was selected according to the 24 h dynamic blood pressure monitoring. 247 patients were divided into two groups: 112 cases in RH group, 135 cases in non RH group. General data, fasting blood glucose(FBG）, 2 hours postprandial blood glucose(2hPBG）, triglyceride(TG）, total cholesterol(TC）, high density lipoprotein cholesterol(HDLC）, low density lipoprotein cholesterol(LDLC）, serum creatinine(SCr）, blood uric acid(BUA)and blood urea nitrogen(BUN)were recorded. Left ventricular end-diastolic interventricular septal thickness(IVST)was measured by color ultrasound. Description analysis, chi-square test, t test and Logistic regression statistical analysis method were used to analyze the data. Results Body mass index(BMI）, SCr, TG, TC, HDLC, estimated glomerular filtration rate(eGFR)and IVST had significant difference between RH group and non RH group(P<0.05, P<0.01）. After correction of gender, age, BMI and disease duration, Logistic regression analysis and ROC curve analysis showed that IVST, mean arterial pressure(MAP)and eGFR had good predictability on blood pressure control, IVST was the strongest, the area under curve(AUC)of IVST, MAP, and eGFR was 0.663, 0.600 and 0.418 respectively. Conclusions IVST, MAP and eGFR are risk factors for resistant hypertension. Understanding the risk factors in patients with RH can help to reduce damage of target organ and improve the life quality of patients.

Abstract:Aim Summary and analysis of the value of anterograde-retrograde and selective bypass graft vessel perfusion technology in severe coronary artery bypass grafting(CABG）. Methods Retrospective analysis was carried out for 152 cases of severe coronary artery disease in patients undergoing coronary artery bypass grafting. All operations were carried out under cardiopulmonary bypass(CPB）. During operation, anterograde-retrograde and selective bypass graft vessel perfusion method were taken for myocardial protection. Results All patients stayed stable during CPB. After operation, 5 patients had low cardiac output syndrome, 1 patients had renal insufficiency, 2 patients had hypoxemia, and they all recoverd after therapy, no patient died. Conclusion During CABG for severe coronary artery disease, anterograde-retrograde and selective bypass graft vessel perfusion technology have a good myocardial protection effect, and can significantly improve the prognosis of patients.

Abstract:Aim To optimize the conditions and methods of SD rat cardiomyocytes and cardiac fibroblasts in vitro culture. Method Digested ventricular tissue with trypsin first, and then collagenaseⅡ. Collected and cultured neonatal rat cardiac myocytes and fibroblasts through the way of differential adhesion for two times. The basic shape change of cardiac myocytes and cardiac fibroblasts were observed under the opitical microscope. Cardiac myocytes were assayed by cardiac troponin immunofluorescenee and the second generation cardiac fibroblasts were assayed by vimentin immunofluorescence. Results Cardiomyocytes began to adhere and grow after 2～4 hours The adherent rate increased substantially and the cells beated spontaneously after 12～24 hours 48 ～72 hours later cardiomyocytes adhered to be clustered Both of the cells’ survival rate and purity reached more than 95%. The second generation to the fourth generation cardiac fibroblasts grew wel1 and its purity was as high as 98%. Conclusion A great quantity, purity and high survival rate of cardiocytes and cardiac fibroblasts can be effectively cultured by this method. And it provides an ideal experimental model for the cardiovascular disease and clinical studies.

Abstract:The formation of advanced glycation end-products(AGE)is a key factor of metabolic memory in diabetic patients. The series of studies from ours and others indicated that AGE could promote inflammatory response, oxidative stress, apoptosis and micro-calcification formation in atherosclerotic lesions and accelerate the transition from stable plaque to vulnerable plaque, followed by plaque rupture, thrombogenesis and finally the occurrence of acute coronary syndrome. This paper elaborates the formation, source, metabolism, characterization of AGE and the mechanisms of AGE in inflammation response, lipid accumulation, apoptosis and calcification. We hope it can provide some new ideas for the mechanisms of atherosclerosis and therapeutic strategy.

Abstract:Cell death-inducing DNA fragmentation factor 45-like C, also called fat specific protein 27, was firstly found in mouse adipocytes, subsequently found in human liver cells, fat cells and other cells, which belongs to the Cide family. The study has reported that Cidec can promote fat storage and increase lipid droplet volume by locating on the lipid droplet surface, further regulate fat metabolism and the energy balance. Cidec can also play an important role in apoptosis.

Abstract:MicroRNA(miRNA)have the fine-tune effect to many biological processes, while ATP binding cassette transporter A1(ABCA1)is the key protein to regulate high density lipoprotein(HDL)metabolism and function. It has been found that a variety of miRNA can inhibit the expression of ABCA1, thereby inhibit the cholesterol efflux, decrease the serum HDL levels. Silencing or inhibiting miRNA expression can not suppress the cholesterol efflux, neither the serum HDL levels changed. Currently people make a lot of studies on miRNA regulating ABCA1 expression, so it is expected to bring evolutions to the treatment technology, and has broad prospects in the field of lipid-regulation and anti-atherosclerosis.