Abstract:Aim To explore the effect and mechanisms of matrix metalloproteinase-9 （MMP-9）/tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-1 （TIMP-1） in ApoE^－/－ mice kidney damage induced by hyperhomocysteinemia （HHcy）, provide theoretical and experimental basis for the prevention and treatment of kidney disease, and supply a new indicator for kidney disease surveillance. Methods 5 week old male ApoE^－/－ mice were divided into three groups: ApoE^－/－ control group, ApoE^－/－ high methionine diet group and ApoE^－/－ intervention group, and 5 week old SPF male C57BL/6J mice were chosen as normal control group. After fed for 14 weeks, the serum concentration of homocysteine （Hcy）, creatinine （Cr） and urea were detected by biochemical analyzer, transmission electron microscopy and PAS staining were used to show the damage of kidney. MMP-9 and TIMP-1 mRNA expression levels of kidney were detected by real-time PCR, MMP-9 protein expression of kidney was assayed by immunohistochemical staining and TIMP-1 protein expression was detected by ELISA. Results Compared with normal control group, the serum concentration of Hcy, Cr and urea of ApoE^－/－ high methionine diet group were significantly increased by 3.66-, 1.1-and 1.6-folds （P<0.01）. Transmission electron microscopy and PAS staining showed that kidney damage of ApoE^－/－ high methionine diet group were more serious than normal control group. Real-time PCR results showed that mRNA expressions of MMP-9 and TIMP-1 were evidently increased by 5.25-and 1.38-folds respectively （P<0.01）. The results of immunohistochemistry assay showed that protein expression of MMP-9 in ApoE^－/－ high methionine diet group was significantly higher than that in the normal control group （P<0.01）, ELISA assay showed TIMP-1 protein expression in the ApoE^－/－ high methionine diet group was significantly higher than that in the normal control group （P<0.01）. Compared with ApoE^－/－ high methionine diet group, Hcy levels decreased in ApoE^－/－intervention group （P<0.01）, and Cr and urea levels were significantly decreased （P<0.01）. Transmission electron microscopy and PAS staining showed that kidney damage of ApoE^－/－ intervention group were relieved compared with high methionine diet group. Serum Hcy level was positively correlated with Cr and urea （r²＝0.4344, P<0.0001 r²＝0.4478, P<0.0001）, and also with the ratio of MMP-9/TIMP-1（r²＝0.39309, P<0.001）. And the ratio of MMP-9/TIMP-1 was positively correlated with Cr and urea （r²＝0.1464, P<0.05 r²＝0.3027, P<0.01）. Conclusions HHcy could cause the up-regulation of MMP-9/TIMP-1 and degradation of extracellular matrix, then lead to ApoE^－/－ mice kidney damage.

Abstract:Aim To explore whether rosiglitazone, exerts beneficial effects on injuries of endothelial cells induced by homocysteine thiolactone （HTL） and to investigate the potential mechanisms. Methods The cultured human umbilical vein endothelial cells （HUVEC） were respectively preincubated with rosiglitazone, and other interference factors including apocynin, captopril, pyrollidine dithiocarbamate （PDTC） and antagonist of peroxisome proliferator activated receptor-γ（PPARγ） GW9662 for 1 hour, and then sequentially incubated with HTL （1 mmol/L） for 24 hours. The cell viability, the level of reactive oxygen species （ROS）, the activity of nuclear factor-κB（NF-κB）, the concentration of soluble intercellular adhesion molecule-1（sICAM-1）, the expression of PPARγ mRNA were examined. Results HTL decreased obviously the HUVEC viability, enhanced the level of ROS and activation of NF-κB, the concentration of sICAM-1 and down-regulated the expression of PPARγ mRNA. Preincubation of HUVEC with rosiglitazone （0.001, 0.01, 0.1 mmol/L）, apocynin （0.1 mmol/L）,　captopril （0.03 mmol/L）, PDTC （0.1 mmol/L） for 1 hour reversed these effects induced by HTL, compared with alone HTL group （P<0.05 or P<0.01） . Further, co-incubation with PPARγ antagonist GW9662 （0.01 mmol/L）, abolished the protective effects of rosiglitazone on HTL-treated cells. Conclusions Rosiglitazone has protective effects against injuries of endothelial cells induced by HTL, which is related to PPARγ-mediared suppression of oxidative stress.

Abstract:Aim To investigate the effect of microRNA-126 （miR-126） on the proliferation and migration of endothelial progenitor cell （EPC） in the process of endothelial-to-mesenchymal transition （EndMT）. Methods Rat bone marrow-derived EPC was isolated, and then induced to mesenchymal cells by transforming growth factor-β1 （TGF-β1）. Overexpression of miR-126 was constructed in EPC by using lentiviral transfection. The proliferation of EPC was measured by using MTT assay, and migration was detected by using cell injury assay and Transwell assay. Results The transition of EPC from endothelial cells to mesenchymal cells was fully developed after 7 days treatment with TGF-β1 （5 μg/L） miR-126. MiR-126 inhibited the decrease of distance between injured EPC in the process of EndMT, and attenuated the cells per unit area on the bottom of membrane of Transwell. Conclusion MiR-126 inhibits the proliferation and migration of endothelial progenitor cells in the process of endothelial-to-mesenchymal transition.

Abstract:Aim To explore the effects of a novel H₂S donor （8L） on oxidative stress-induced damage and the mechanisms underlying NF-E2-related factor 2 （Nrf2） in H9c2 cardiomyocytes. Methods H9c2 cardiomyocytes were treated with exogenous reactive oxygen species, hydrogen peroxide （H₂O₂）, to set up an oxidative injury to mimic the in vitro status induced by acute myocardial ischemia-reperfusion. Prior to the treatment with H₂O₂, the cells were treated with 8L and then its protective action was investigated. In order to test the roles of Nrf2, its selective inhibitor brusatol （BR） was used before H₂O₂ or 8L. Cell counting kit-8 was used to measure cell viability. Lactate dehydrogenase （LDH） release was assessed by a commercial kit, mitochondrial membrane potential （MMP） was observed by rhodamine 123 staining followed by photofluorography and nuclear Nrf2 expression was examined by Western Blot assay. Results

Abstract:Aim To observe the effects of alprostadil （prostaglandin E1, PGE1） on cardiac function in diabetic rats and to explore the protective effects and its mechanism. Methods 10 SD rats were selected to be normal control group from the 50 rats, and the others were given high-sugar high-fat diet for four weeks and received intraperitoneal injection of 0.1% streptozotocin to establishe diabetic rats model. Successful model rats were randomly divided into model group, PGE1 low-dose group, PGE1 middle-dose group and PGE1 high-dose group, then PGE1 low, middle, and high-dose group were respectively given 0.5, 1.0, 2.0 μg/kg alprostadil per-day intraperitoneal injection. Normal control group and model group were given an equal volume of normal saline. After treatment for 8 weeks, the following indexes of each group was measured: To detect the concentrations of serum transforming growth factor-β1 （TGF-β1）, plasma amino-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide （NT-proBNP） and glycosylated hemoglobin A1 （HbA1c） To measure the collagen volume fraction （CVF） of myocardial tissue by Masson staining To detect the expressions of TGF-β1, Smad3, Smad7 proteins in myocardial tissue by Western blot. Results Compared with the control group, the concentrations of TGF-β1, NT-proBNP, HbA1c and myocardial fibrosis index CVF of model group were significantly increased, the expressions of TGF-β1 and Smad3 proteins in myocardial tissue were significantly increased, and the expression of Smad7 protein was significantly decreased （all P<0.01）. Compared with the model group, the concentrations of TGF-β1, NT-proBNP and myocardial CVF in the PGE1 middle and high-dose group were significantly reduced, the expressions of TGF-β1 and Smad3 proteins in myocardial tissue were significantly decreased, and the expression of Smad7 protein was significantly increased （all P<0.01） The changes were the most obvious in PGE1 high-dose group. There was no significant difference in each index between the PGE1 low-dose group and model group. Conclusion Alprostadil can inhibit myocardial fibrosis and improve cardiac function in diabetic rats, and the mechanism of which is related to the regulation of TGF-β1/Smad signal transduction pathway.

Abstract:Background and Aim Animal models of myocardial infarction （MI） had been widely used to study the pathological and physiological changes that occur in MI, and to objectively evaluate the efficacy of new treatments. They were an important tool in this procedure. However, the mortality rate of MI animal models had so far been higher than in real-life situations. The aim of this study was to explore the use of a modified retrograde traction tracheal intubation （MRTI） method for increasing the success rate of MI models in rats. Methods 125 male Sprague-Dawley rats were used in the experiment. Using the MRTI method and the breath tube intubation （BTI） method to establish artificial airway, we established the MI model by ligation of the left anterior descending branch of the coronary artery. At week 4 after induction of the MI in rat model, the cardiac structure and left ventricular ejection fraction （LVEF） were assessed by echocardiography. After the animals were sacrificed, cardiac collagen volume fraction （CVF） was evaluated by Masson staining. We analyzed the effects of MRTI, the use of lidocaine, operative details, nursing considerations during the operation, and post-operative factors on the success rate of the MI model in rats. Results The success rate of establishing artificial airway by using MRTI （100%） was higher than that by using BTI （85%）. The success rate of generating a MI model in rats could be significantly increased using the following methods: （1）Setting up the artificial airway through the use of MRTI by using a single-lumen central venous catheter （2）Selecting a ligation site: 2 mm below the midpoint of the connection between the left atrial appendage and the pulmonary cone （3）Adding a drop of lidocaine to the surface of the heart to slow down the heart rate, to make the operation easier to perform, and to prevent arrhythmias postoperatively （4）Clearing up airway secretions timely both intra and postoperatively （5）Making sure that rats were in a warm state both intra and postoperatively （6）Preventing wound infection. Four weeks later, echocardiography showed that compared with normal rats, MI rats’ left ventricular end-systolic diameter was increasing, left ventricular posterior wall was compensatory hypertrophy, LVEF was reduced, and cardiac CVF was increasing These indicators differences had no statistical significances between the two groups. For the success rate of rat myocardial infarction model, MRTI group （76.7%） was higher than BTI group （65.0%）. Conclusions Use of the MRTI method can quickly establish an artificial airway in rats.

Abstract:Aim Heat shock protein 47 （HSP47） is a highly conservative proteint. It is considered as the pro-collagen-specific chaperone protein and plays an important function in the process of collagen deposition and fibrosis. The thesis investigates the molecular mechanisms of structural ventricular remodeling in chronic heart failure （CHF）. Methods The serum and right atrial tissues samples were taken from 60 patients with cardiac surgery. They were divided into three groups: 20 samples were in NYHA Ⅰ group, 20 samples were in NYHA Ⅱ group, 20 samples were in NYHA Ⅲ group. The mRNA amounts of HSP47 were studied by real time quantitative polymerase chain reaction （RT-PCR） method, and the HSP47 and procollagen Ⅰ carboxy terminal propeptide （PⅠCP） in serum were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay （ELISA） method. Results （1）The HSP47 mRNA level significantly increased in both NYHA Ⅱ group and NYHA Ⅲ group compared with NYHA Ⅰ group （P<0.05）. Also the mRNA level of HSP47 significantly increased in the NYHA Ⅲ group compared with NYHA Ⅱ group （P<0.05）. （2）There were conspicuous and independent direct correlation between the expression of HSP47 and the HSP47, PⅠCP levels in serum （r＝0.704, P<0.05 r＝0.811, P<0.05）. Conclusion The HSP47 mRNA level increased in CHF, and it indicates that HSP47 gene may be involved in the ventricular remodeling.

Abstract:Aim The aim of this study is to investigate the effects of SGI-1776 on the proliferation of HUSAEC cell induced by H₂O₂ oxidative stress and its possible molecular mechanism. Methods HUSAEC cells were cultured in vitro. The cells which would be induced by H₂O₂ were incubated in advance for 30 minutes with catalase （CAT） and various concentration of SGI-1776（2.5, 5 and 10 μmoL/L）. Cells viability was measured by MTT assay, and its cell cycle phase and apoptotic rate were determined by FCM with PI staining, meanwhile western blot assay and SiRNA /cDNA assay were used to examine the possible mechanism of SGI-1776 on promoting proliferation action of HUSAEC Cell induced by H₂O₂ oxidative stress. Results SGI-1776 could increase the viability of HUSAEC cells induced by H₂O₂ in a dose and time-dependent manner compared with cells solo exposed to H₂O₂ （P<005）. The cell cycle phase of G₂/M was reduced and the apoptotic rate of HUSAEC cells treated with various concentration SGI-1776 significantly decreased in a dose and time-dependent manner compared with H₂O₂ group（P<0.05）, meanwhile the expression of cortactin protein were up-regulated in a dose and time-dependent manner（P<0.05）. siRAN could interfere with cortactin protein expression, and SGI-1776 could counteract the effect of down-regulation of cortactin of siRAN. Transferring cDNA could up-regulate cortactin protein expression, and it posed synergetic action with SGI-1776. Conclusion SGI-1776 could enhance the proliferation viability of H₂O₂-induced HUSAEC cells which may be related to up-regulating the cortactin protein expression to help H₂O₂-induced HUSAEC cells out G₂/M block, and reduce apoptotic rate.

Abstract:Aim To explore the association and role of serum miR-335 in patients with acute ischemic stroke（AIS）. Methods Blood samples were obtained from AIS patients （n106） and healthy controls （n98）. miR-335 was measured by using a quantitative real-time PCR technique. Stroke severity was evaluated by the National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale（NIHSS）. The correlation between serum miR-335 and NIHSS scores was performed by Pearson correlations analysis. Bioinformatics database assay was used to predict comprehensively target genes, Gene ontology and enriched pathway of target genes were analyzed with DAVID database. Results Compared with healthy controls, serum miR-335 was significantly decreased in stroke patients （P<0.01）, especially at 3 days（P<0.01）. The level of serum miR-335 was significantly lower in NIHSS > 5 group compared with NIHSS≤5 group（P<0.01）, the level of miR-335 was closely negatively correlated to NIHSS（r-0.28,P<0.01）. The predicted target genes of miR-335 were mainly involved in biological processes including metabolism of nucleic acid, regulation of transcription, growth and differentiation of neurons, angiogenesis, molecular function including regulation of channel activity, calcium ion binding activity, cationic metal ion binding activity and transcriptional activity, and cellular components including nucleoplasm, pathways including oxidative stress response, angiogenesis and MAPK signaling pathway. Conclusions The level of miR-335 was significantly reduced in serum of patients with acute ischemic stroke, and serum miR-335 may be a novel sensitive biomarker for clinical diagnosis in acute cerebral ischemia.

Abstract:Aim To investigate the effects of rosuvastatin intensive lipid lowering therapy on plaque composition and structure of coronary borderline stenosis. Methods The patients with vessel diameter stenosis ratio between 50%～70% diagnosed by coronary angiography （CAG） were studied. Low density lipoprotein cholesterol （LDLC） was tested and lesion location was evaluated by virtual histology intravascular ultrasound （VH-IVUS）. Changes on plaque composition （such as lipid plaque, fibrous plaque, calcific plaque, mixed plaque and vulnerable plaque） and structure （such as plaque burden, minimal lumen area, and external elastic membrane area） were recorded. All patients with rosuvastatin 10～20 mg daily were assigned into intensive standard group （LDLC≤1.8 mmol/L） of 42 cases and control group （LDLC 1.9～2.6 mmol/L） of 41 cases . Keeping on taking rosuvastatin for one year, 80 patients completed the trial and repeated CAG and VH-IVUS assay at last. Results Compared with pre-treatment, lipid plaque content and vulnerable plaque decreased （P<0.05） after rosuvastatin therapy, while fibrous plaque and mixed plaque increased （P<0.05）. In addition, changes in intensive standard group were more obvious than the ones in control group （P<0.05）. As for plaque burden, it decreased after therapy in two groups （45%±6% vs 62%±7%, P<0.05 49%±6% vs 61%±7%, P<0.05）, while the decrease in intensive standard group was more significant than that in control group （45%±6% vs 49%±6%, P<0.05）. Minimal lumen area increased more in the intensive standard group than the control group. After therapy external elastic membrane area showed a slight decrease and positive remodeling alleviated. Conclusion Rosuvastatin intensive therapy could reduce lipid content in intermediate lesions, stabilize plaques and decrease plaque burden.

Abstract:Aim To evaluate whether the value of 64-detector spiral computed tomography coronary angiography （64-DSCTCA） is identical between female and male in diagnosis of patients with coronary artery stenosis. Methods 75 female and 75 male patients with coronary artery disease （CAD） or suspected CAD were chosen, who had been examined with not only 64-DSCTCA but also coronary angiography （CAG）. The result of CAG was regarded as the gold standard. The sensitivities, specificities, positive prediction values and negative prediction values of 64-DSCTCA were respectively calculated in diagnosis of female and male patients with CAD （coronary artery stenosis≥50%）, coronary artery moderate stenosis （stenosis 50%～75%）, severe stenosis and occlusion （stenosis 76%～100%）. The aforementioned results were analyzed by statistical method, and contrasted between female and male. Results For the sensitivity, specificity, and negative prediction value of 64-DSCTCA in diagnosis of CAD, the differences were not statistically significant （P>0.05）, but positive prediction value was lower in female than that in male （P<0.05）. For the sensitivity, specificity, positive prediction value, and negative prediction value of 64-DSCTCA in diagnosis of coronary artery moderate stenosis, the differences were not statistically significant between female and male （P>0.05）. For the sensitivity, specificity, and negative prediction value of 64-DSCTCA in diagnosis of coronary artery severe stenosis and occlusion, the differences were not statistically significant （P>0.05）, but positive prediction value was lower in female than that in male （P<0.05）. Conclusions Diagnostic value of 64-DSCTCA is different in female and male. Positive prediction value of 64-DSCTCA is lower in female than that in male for diagnosis of CAD, coronary artery severe stenosis and occlusion.

Abstract:Aim To investigate the application value of 128-slice spiral CT perfusion imaging （CTPI） in the diagnosis of acute cerebral infarction and the evaluation of patients prognosis. Methods Nonenhancement CT and CTPI were performed on 67 patients with acute cerebral infarction within 24 hours who were hospitalized in the People’s Hospital of Gansu Province. Cerebral blood volume （CBV）, cerebral blood flow （CBF） and mean transit time （MTT） of infarction area were obtained. American National Institute of Health stroke scale （NIHSS） scores from each patient were obtained when their conditions became stable in 7 days. Then statistical analysis was made for the correlation between these data. Results 38 cases had been found showing early signs of cerebral infarction by CT scan, and the sensitivity was 56.72%. 56 cases had been found appearing brain perfusion abnormality area by CTPI, and the sensitivity was 83.58%.

Abstract:Aim To investigate the effects of atorvastatin on matrix metalloproteinase-9 （MMP-9） and tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-1 （TIMP-1）, and relationship between MMP-9, TIMP-1 and microalbuminuria （MAU） in essential hypertension patients with early renal damage. Methods A total of 120 essential hypertension patients with early renal damage in our hospital were selected from January 2012 to September 2013, and then were randomly divided into the observation group and the control group. The observation group was given atorvastatin 10 mg,qn and metoprolol 25～100 mg/d. The control group was given metoprolol 25～100 mg/d. After continuous treatment for 12 weeks, the folIowing indexes were detected at the beginning and end of the study: MAU, MMP-9 and TIMP-1. The microalbuminuria was calculated by urinary albumin and creatinine ratio. Results There was a significant difference in systolic pressure, diastolic pressure, MAU, MMP-9, TIMP-1, triglyceride （TG）, total cholesterol （TC）, low density lipoprotein cholesterol （LDLC） and heart rate in the observation group before and after treatment （P<0.05）. There was a significant difference in MAU, MMP-9, TIMP-1, TG, TC, LDLC between the observation group and the control group （P<0.05）. There was a significant difference in systolic pressure, diastolic pressure and heart rate in the control group before and after treatment （P<0.05）. The MMP-9 was positively related and the TIMP-1 was negatively related to the MAU in the essential hypertension. Multiple stepwise regression showed that systolic pressure, MMP-9, and TIMP-1 were three independent factors of the MAU. Conclusion The mechanism of renoprotection of atorvastatin may be related to improvement of the glomerular extracellular matrix degradation.

Abstract:Aim To analyze risk factors for vascular calcification （VC） in maintenance hemodialysis （MHD） patients. Methods We investigated the VC in 69 MHD patients in Hemodialysis Center of The Second Affiliated Hospital of University of South China, and 67 healthy subjects were chosen as control group. Serum albumin （ALB）, calcium, phosphorus, creatinine, alkaline phosphatase （ALP）, calcium-phosphorus product and intact parathyroid hormone （iPTH） were tested. VC was semiquantitatively evaluated by plain radiographic films from abdomen, pelvis and hands. The clinic and laboratorial parameters related to VC were detected and analyzed. Results VC in MHD group was significantly higher than that in healthy group. The age, dialysis time, blood glucose, serum phosphorus, calcium-phosphorus product level were significantly higher in the patients with VC score＞3 than those with score≤ 3. Linear correlation analysis revealed that VC was correlated both with level of iPTH＜150 ng/L and ＞300 ng/L, and uncorrelated with level of iPTH between 150～300 ng/L. Conclusion The age, dialysis time, blood glucose, serum phosphorus, calcium-phosphorus product level, and iPTH can effect VC in MHD patients.

Abstract:Aim To explore the effect of abdominal obesity on blood pressure variability （BPV） in patients with primary hypertension. Methods A total of 159 patients who were admitted to our hospital because of simple hypertension were enrolled in this study and divided into two parts respectively based on body mass index （BMI） and abdominal circumference （AC）. For part 1, patients were divided into normal BMI group （BMI ＜28 kg/m², n79） and high BMI group （BMI≥28 kg/m²,n80） for part 2, patients were divided into normal AC group （male＜90 cm, female＜85 cm, n72） and high AC group （male≥90 cm, female≥85 cm, n87）. And the characteristics of their BPV were observed respectively through 24 hour ambulatory blood pressure monitoring （ABPM）. Rseults The coefficients of variation （CV） of both the 24 hour mean systolic blood pressure and daytime mean systolic blood pressure of the observation group （BMI≥28 kg/m², n87） were higher than those of the control group （BMI ＜28 kg/m², n79）, and there were statistically significant differences between the observation group and the control group （P<0.05 ）. The CV of nighttime mean systolic and diastolic blood pressures of male patients in both the observation group and the control group were higher than those of female ones in the two groups, and the differences were statistically significant （P<0.05）. In the observation group, the CV of 24 hour mean systolic blood pressure of male patients were higher than that of female ones, and the differences were statistically significant （P<0.05）. The CV of both the 24 hour mean systolic blood pressure and the daytime mean systolic blood pressure of patients of the observation group （AC of male≥90 cm, AC of female≥85 cm, n87） were higher than those of the control group, and the differences were statistically significant （P<0.05）. The CV of nighttime mean diastolic blood pressure of male patients of both the observation and the control groups were higher than that of female ones of the two groups, and the differences were statistically significant （P<0.05）. In the observation group, the CV of 24 hour mean systolic blood pressure of male patients were higher than that of the female ones, and the differences were statistically significant （P<0.05）. Conclusions Their BPV will increase when the patients with hypertension have abdominal obesity. And this effect is more obvious in male patients than that in female ones. So more attetion should be paid by doctors to the regulation of BPV among patients with hypertension, especially male ones with abdominal obesity, as controling the patients’ blood pressure.

Abstract:Aim To study the effect of tanshinone ⅡA on the vein graft stenosis after off-pumb coronary artery bypass grafting （OPCAB）. Methods Sixty patients undergoing OPCAB from 2006 to 2010 were randomly divided into two groups treated with tanshinone ⅡA （30 patients） or without tanshinone ⅡA （30 patients）. The vein graft stenosis was observed by CTA of heart after three years. Results The vein graft stenosis in the tanshinone ⅡA group was decreased as compared with the control group （P<0.05）. Conclusion Long term application of tanshinone Ⅱ A can alleviate the vein graft stenosis after OPCAB.

Abstract:Matrix metalloproteinase-8 （MMP-8） is one of the most important members of matrix metalloproteinase family. Recent studies have shown that MMP-8 plays a vital role in the development of atherosclerosis. MMP-8 induces the formation and instability of atherosclerotic plaque via degrading collagens and other bioactive substance, and regulating the function of endothelial cells, smooth muscle cells, neutrophils and stem cells. In addition, MMP-8 is related with the occurrence and prognosis of coronary heart disease, and MMP-8 gene polymorphism is associated with the progression of atherosclerosis. In this review, we summarized the recent findings concerning the bioactivities of MMP-8 in atherosclerosis and the related mechanism of MMP-8 during atherosclerosis development, in order to find the biomarker and novel therapeutic target for atherosclerosis.

Abstract:Obesity is a common disease defined as a state of excess body fat accumulation which stems from energy imbalance. Obesity is closely associated with varied metabolism syndromes, such as atherosclerosis, insulin resistance and dyslipidemia. Obesity per se is a chronic inflammatory disease in adipose tissue, accompanied with activation of cellular inflammatory signals, release of inflammatory cytokines and infiltration of immune cells. The inflammatory mediators from adipose tissue may affect other tissues or organs via circulation system, thus induce the genesis of related metabolism syndrome. Therefore the understanding of metaflammation and its mechanisms contributes to research on obesity and the related diseases. The new therapies and targets aiming at metaflammation in obesity are the new prospects to treat obesity and related metabolic diseases.

Abstract:Atherosclerotic lesions are always vascularized by a network of capillaries which are important regulators of plaque instability. Associated with the increased number of capillaries, the accumulation of lipids and inflammatory cells may attenuate the fibrous cap and cause plaque rupture. As a result, the probability of cardiovascular events increases. Recent researches about miRNA convinced us that miRNAs played a key role not just in tumor but also in atherosclerosis. Discoveries of atherosclerosis-related miRNAs also provoked many thoughts about the diagnosis and treatment of cardiovascular diseases.

Abstract:Lower extremity arteriosclerosis obliterans is a common chronic disease. It has become one of the highest mortality and morbidity disease in the world. Secondary prevention strategy can effectively control disease by early detection, early diagnosis and early treatment. This paper mainly summarizes the knowledge status and needs, content, evaluation index, problems of lower extremity arteriosclerosis obliterans health education, explores the future direction of lower extremity arteriosclerosis obliterans health education.