Abstract:Aim To investigate the protective effects of metformin on vascular endothelial cells injured by homocysteine (Hcy) and its mechanism. Methods Human vascular endothelial cell line (ECV304 cells) cultivated in vitro were divided into four groups:control group, Hcy group, metformin group, Hcy and metformin co-incubation group, the cell proliferation ability was determined by CCK-8 assay. The lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), the content of malondialdehyde (MDA) and superoxidase dismutase (SOD) activity in ECV304 cells cellular supernatant were detected. RT-PCR was performed to detect mRNA expression of SOD1. p-AMPKα and t-AMPKα protein expression was detected by Western blot. Results Homocysteine significantly inhibited endothelial cell viability and increased the activities of LDH. Compared with the control group, the content of MDA increased and the activity of SOD decreased in Hcy group. Metformin significantly improved endothelial cell viability and SOD activity, suppressed homocysteine induced increases in LDH and MDA. Homocysteine decreased the expression of SOD1 and catalase (CAT) mRNA, increased NADPH oxidase 2 (NOX2) mRNA. Metformin increased the expression of SOD1 and CAT mRNA, decreased NOX2 mRNA compared with Hcy group. Compoud C (an AMPK inhibitor) could reverse the protection of metformin. Conclusion Metformin could protect the ECV304 cells from injury by homocysteine via AMPK-ROS signalling pathway.

Abstract:Aim To analyze the changes of the intestinal flora structure of two kidney one clip (2K1C) renovascular hypertension (RVH) rats, and to provide a new idea for the prevention and treatment of RVH. Methods 8 week old male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into 2K1C model group (n＝8) and sham operation group (n＝8), and RVH model was prepared by 2K1C surgery. The systolic pressure of tail artery was measured by non-invasive tail cuff method. At 4th week after the operation, intestinal feces were collected and the bacteria DNA was extracted from the feces. The diversity of intestinal flora in 2K1C rats was analyzed by PCR-denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis. The dominant bacteria (bifidobacterium and lactobacillus) in the intestinal tract were quantitatively detectd by real-time fluorescence quantitative PCR. Results Compared with the sham operation group, systolic pressure of tail artery in 2K1C model group was significantly higher than that in sham operation group (164.77 mmHg vs 122.08 mmHg, P＜0.05). However, there was no significant change in the systolic pressure of tail artery in sham operation group compared with the previous model (122.08 mmHg vs 120.13 mmHg, P＞0.05). There was a significant difference in intestinal flora diversity between 2K1C model group and sham operation group (P＜0.05), and intestinal flora diversity was lower in 2K1C model group. The contents of bifidobacterium and lactobacillus in 2K1C model group were significantly lower than those in sham operation group (2.335×10－3 ng/g vs 1.805×10－2 ng/g, 0.048 ng/g vs 0.139 ng/g, P＜0.05). Conclusion The diversity of intestinal flora in 2K1C RVH rats is significantly decreased, and the contents of bifidobacterium and lactobacillus are significantly changed, suggesting that it may be involved in the occurrence and development of hypertension in 2K1C rats.

Abstract:Aim To investigate whether the protein expression of ATP-binding cassette transporter A1 (ABCA1) and the accumulation of lipid could be regulated by the activity of semicarbazide-sensitive amine oxidase (SSAO) in vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMC) derived foam cells treated with lipopolysaccharide(LPS). Methods Vascular smooth muscle cells derived foam cells were exposed to different concentration of LPS along or together with SSAO inhibitor semicarbazide (SEM) for 6 hours. The activity of SSAO and the cellular lipid accumulation were determined by high-performance liquid chromatography analysis. The concentration of glucose in the samples was determined in a glucose oxidase-peroxidase method. Fluorospectrophotometer was used to determine the intracellular or medium H₂O₂ levels. Cholesterol efflux was determined by FJ-2107P type liquid scintillator. Western blot was used to determine the protein levels of ABCA1. Results The activity of SSAO, glucose consumption, H₂O₂ production were increased after treated with LPS and these changes can be reversed by SEM completely. The cellular lipid accumulation was increased, while the cellular cholesterol efflux and the protein expression of ABCA1 were decreased in vascular smooth muscle cells derived foam cells but these changes can be reversed by SEM partly. Conclusion LPS can down-regulate the protein expression of ABCA1 and promote the cellular lipid accumulation by up-regulating the activity of SSAO partly in vascular smooth muscle cells derived foam cells.

Abstract:Aim To explore the effect of phenylephrine(PE,α₁-adrenergic receptor agonist) on myocardial fibrosis induced by abdominal aorta coarctation (AAC) in mice and to elucidate related mechanism. Methods In this study,mice model of myocardial fibrosis were established by abdominal aorta coarctation in 28 mice, and 14 mice were randomly taken as control group and sham group. Eight weeks after surgery, mice were divided into 4 groups:AAC group, AAC+PE group (phenylephrine 0.65 mg/(kg·d) intraperitoneal injection),AAC+ Praz group (prazosin 5 mg/(kg·d) gavage) and AAC+Prop group(propranolol 10 mg/(kg·d) gavage). After administrated therapy for 4 weeks, the morphological changes of cardiac tissue were observed by hematoxylin-eosin (HE) staining, collagen volume fractions (CVF) of left ventricle were observed by Van-Gieson (VG) staining and hydroxyproline concentration were studied. The protein content of collagenⅠand collagen Ⅲ were examined by immunohistochemical analysis. Western blot was used to measure the myocardial protein expression of α-smooth muscle actin(α-SMA), transforming growth factor-β₁ (TGF-β₁), phosphor-drosophila mothers against decapentaplegic protein 2 (p-Smad2) and phosphor-drosophila mothers against decapentaplegic protein 3 (p-Smad3). Results Compared with control group, the heart of AAC group were developed fibrosis obviously. The CVF level and myocardial hydroxyproline concentration was significantly higher in AAC group as the same as protein level of collagenⅠand collagen Ⅲ (all P<0.01), and the protein expressions of α-SMA, TGF-β₁, p-Smad2 and p-Smad3 were also elevated (all P<0.01). PE treatment significantly reduced the CVF, hydroxyproline concentration, decreased expression of collagenⅠand collagen Ⅲ and expressions of α-SMA ,TGF-β₁, p-Smad2 and p-Smad3 in myocardial tissue compared with the AAC group (all P<0.05) as the same as propranolol treatment. However, prazosin had no effect on protein levels of α-SMA, TGF-β₁, and p-Smad3, although a small reduction in p-Smad2 levels was observed. Conclusion These data suggest that phenylephrine was as effective as propranolol to attenuate myocardial fibrosis induced by coarctation of abdominal aorta in mice, which may be associated with suppressing the TGF-β₁/Smads signal pathways.

Abstract:Aim To evaluate the changes of plasma hs-CRP before and after percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) and its relationship with major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE). Methods We selected 84 coronary heart disease (CHD) patients who were implanted DES. The hs-CRP level was measured before, 1 day and 30 days after the procedure. Telephone calls were made to make sure if the patients had suffered MACE including repeated angina pectoris, non-lethal myocardial infarction, in stent restenosis, repeated revascularization, cardiac death in the following year after the procedure. Results The hs-CRP decreased significantly at 30 days after PCI compared with baseline (2.80±4.66 mg/L vs. 7.52±17.90 mg/L, P＜0.001) and the level at one day after procedure (2.80±4.66 mg/L vs. 10.00±24.81 mg/L, P＜0.001). The level of hs-CRP in MACE group before PCI was significantly higher than that in MACE-free group (10.38±19.40 mg/L vs. 6.84±17.61 mg/L, P＝0.018). Conclusions The hs-CRP level before PCI in CHD patients is associated with the incidence of MACE after the procedure. Patients with higher hs-CRP level before PCI got higher incidence of MACE. The inflammation of CHD patients subsides after PCI for 30 days. The change can be reflected by the changing concentration of hs-CRP.

Abstract:Aim This study applied contrast-enhanced ultrasound (CEUS) association with gray-scale median(GSM) technique and region of interest traking to analyse contrast-enhanced intensity visual grading, the contrast parameters and GSM. It is to objectively and quantitatively evaluate the formation of intraplaque neovascularization in different echogenicity of carotid artery plaque and provide the imaging basis to evaluate the stability of carotid atherosclerotic plaque noninvasively and quantitatively. Methods Using conventional ultrasound to obtain the GSM of 64 carotid plaque and divide into four groups. The contrast-enhanced intensity visual grading, the contrast parameters and GSM of the four groups of plaques were achieved after CEUS to analyze their differences. Analyze the correlation between the contrast parameters and GSM of these plaques. Results There was statistical difference in the GSM among groups (F=29.365,P<0.001). There were statistical difference in the enhanced intensity of contrast-enhanced ultrasound enhanced visual score rating of different carotid atherosclerotic plaque echogenicity(χ²=17.951,P<0.001). Compared the contrast-enhanced ultrasound parameters among groups:the enhanced intensity (χ²=29.025, P<0.001) and the enhanced density (χ²=30.871, P<0.001) of the four groups of plaques had statistical difference; There were statistical difference in the enhanced intensity of different grading(χ²=23.709, P<0.001). The enhanced intensity and GSM of plaque have a significantly negative correlation(r=－0.376,P=0.000); The enhanced density and GSM of plaque have a significantly negative correlation(r=－0.252,P=0.000). Our results suggest that the more anechoic lesions and the lower GSM the higher value of contrast-enhanced intensity and enhanced density. It will indirectly suggest that these plaques which have more neovascularization are more unstable and more likely to have cerebral vascular incidence. Conclusions CEUS combined with GSM technology can more objectively and quantitatively evaluate the formation of intraplaque neovascularization in different echogenicity of carotid artery plaque. It will provide the imaging basis to evaluate the stability of carotid atherosclerotic plaque noninvasively and quantitatively. It might be helpful for clinical.

Abstract:Aim To evaluate the significance of nuclear factor of activated T cells c1 (NFATc1) in diagnosing unstable plaques of coronary arteries referred to intravascular ultrasound (IVUS). Methods 183 patients with coronary heart disease (CHD) were divided into two groups of SA (with stable angina, 85 cases) and UA (with unstable angina, 98 cases) according to IVUS, another 46 patients without CHD confirmed by coronary angiography were taken as the controls. The expression of NFATc1 was measured by flow cytometry, then judged by creating the receiver operating characteristic curves (ROC). Results The expression of NFATc1 was significantly increased in patients with CHD, and the expression of NFATc1 in UA group was higher than that in SA group. Area under the ROC of NFATc1 was 0.796, P＝0.01, the optimal operating point was 17.5. Conclusion Detection of NFATc1 would be useful for diagnosing unstable plaques of coronary arteries, and be better for evaluating the risk of CHD and predicting acute coronary events.

Abstract:Aim To evaluate relationship between positive vascular remodeling and plague composition in culprit coronary artery. Methods The study analyzed 41 patients with coronary artery disease that underwent intravascular ultrasound-virtual histology examination in a culprit lesion. Patients were divided into positive remodeling(PR) group or negative remodeling (NR)group according to remodeling index(RI). Results Compared with negative remodeling patients, patients with positive remodeling had bigger EEM area (17.95±4.25 mm² vs 11.44±2.13 mm²), luman area (6.02±1.85 mm² vs 4.98±1.06 mm²), and plague burden(63.83%±7.89 % vs 63.83%±7.89%; P<0.05). Virtual histology analysis showed PR group had higher necrotic core (30.38%±9.33% vs 17.19%±11.31%; P=0.001) and lower fibrous ratio (44.61%±14.93% vs 61.08%±14.81%; P=0.002) than NR group. There were no significant difference in calclium area and fibrous-fatty area between the two groups. RI showed significant positive correlation with necrotic core(r=0.373, P=0.023). Conclusions Positive remodeling in a culprit lesion is associated with the increased ratio of necrotic core.Positive remodeling may be one characteristic of plaque vulnerability.

Abstract:Aim To investigate the characteristics of microembolic signal of cerebral infarction in young adults.Methods A total of 111 consecutive young adult patients with cerebral infarction, 73 cases in the control group for the same period in healthy subjects were included in the study. All were treated with microembolic signal, regulatory T cell, apolipoprotein A1 and lipoprotein-associated phospholipase A2 detection. Results The positive rate of microembolic signal, apolipoprotein A1 and lipoprotein-associated phospholipase A2 levels of young adult patients group were higher than the control group (28/111 vs 0/73, P＜0.05;34.57%±2.12% vs 27.38%±1.51%, P＜0.05; 255.85±10.77 μg/L vs 137.22±8.97 μg/L,P＜0.05); The level of regulatory T cell was lower than the control group(8.98%±1.27% vs 10.27%±1.25%,P＜0.05). The positive rate of microembolic signal, apolipoprotein A1 and lipoprotein-associated phospholipase A2 levels of the unstable plaque group were higher than the non unstable plaque group(15/19 vs 13/92, P＜0.05; 36.57%±2.32% vs 34.16%±1.12%, P＜0.05;311.33±10.77 μg/L vs 244.39±9.67 μg/L,P＜0.05) . The level of regulatory T cell was lower than the non unstable plaque group (7.45%±1.87% vs 9.30%±2.71%, P＜0.05). The positive rate of microembolic signal and lipoprotein-associated phospholipase A2 level of severe stenosis group were higher than that in non severe stenosis group(7/9 vs 21/102, P＜0.05; 295.23±11.37 μg/L vs 252.38±10.07 μg/L, P＜0.05). The level of apolipoprotein A1 and lipoprotein-associated phospholipase A2 of microembolic signal positive group were higher than negative group(36.97%±2.72% vs 33.76%±1.12%, P＜0.05; 308.21±9.57 μg/L vs 238.19±8.92 μg/L, P＜0.05); The level of regulatory T cell was lower than negative group (7.49%±1.77% vs 9.48%±2.71%, P＜0.05). Conclusion There were not normal microembolic signal and immune indexes in youth patients with acute cerebral infarction.

Abstract:Aim Based on the result of coronary angiography, to explore the effect of thermal texture mapping (TTM) technology screening coronary heart disease (CHD). Methods 190 cases of suspected CHD patients were enrolled as the research object. The clinical data, electrocardiogram, echocardiography, TTM, and coronary angiography were finished according to standard methods. Results There were 172 cases of patients with angina symptoms, 88 cases with positive electrocardiogram (ECG) findings, and 16 cases with positive echocardiography findings. Coronary angiography showed that 130 patients with CHD; while TTM showed 150 cases with inadequate myocardial blood supply. Based on the result of coronary angiography, the sensitivity and specificity of TTM to diagnose CHD was 100%, 66.67%; the accuracy was 89.47%. Compared with the clinical symptoms, electrocardiogram and echocardiography, the sensitivity and accuracy of TTM were the highest among these four methods. Meanwhile, the severity of myocardial ischemia judged by TTM was accordant with the biggest coronary stenosis rate determined by using coronary angiography. Conclusion As a completely noninvasive examination, TTM not only has the sensitivity to detect CHD, but also can reflect the severity of coronary stenosis.

Abstract:Aim To investigate the correlation between helicobacter pylori infection and coronary heart disease as well as heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1). Methods According to the results of coronary angiography, the patients were divided into control group (n＝143) and coronary heart disease group (n＝149), according to the number of vessels involved, coronary heart disease group was subdivided into one-vessel group (n＝38), two-vessel group (n＝46), multi-vessel group (n＝65). All the patients underwent ¹³C-breath test, helicobacter pylori antibody and plasma HO-1 determination, at the same time, the patien’s case history was collected, serum uric acid, blood glucose, low density lipoprotein, high sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) and glycosylated hemoglobin were detected. The correlation between helicobacter pylori infection and plasma HO-1 and coronary heart disease were evaluated. Results There were significant difference in smoking, age, low density lipoprotein (LDL), hs-CRP, homocysteine (Hcy) in the two groups. Helicobacter pylori infection and Gensini’s score in coronary heart disease group were significantly higher than those in control group, while plasma HO-1 were significantly lower (P＜0.05). Helicobacter pylori infection and Gensini’s score were significantly increased with the number of vessels involved, while plasma HO-1 were significantly decreased with the number of vessels involved (P＜0.05). Helicobacter pylori infection was positively correlated with the Gensini’s score (r＝0.869, P＜0.01), and plasma HO-1 was negatively correlated with the Gensini’s score (r＝－0952, P＜0.01). Helicobacter pylori infection were negatively correlated with HO-1 (r＝－0.858, P＜0.01). Conclusion Helicobacter pylori infection and plasma HO-1 have some predictive value to coronary heart disease.

Abstract:Aim To compare the efficacy and safety of intravenous thrombolytic therapy using reteplase and urokinase in acute st-segment elevation myocardial infarction. Methods 34 hospitals of Henan province took part in the clinical trials during 4,6 cases with acute st-segment elevation myocardial infarction were selected in all criteria, and were randomized to receive either reteplase(n=178) or urokinase(n=178) in thrombolytic therapy, according to the clinical symptoms, electrocardiogram, myocardial enzymes and heart rhythm to judge reperfusion rate, and observe the rate of cardiovascular events and bleeding events during hospitalization. Bleeding events were classified by global utilization of streptokinase and tissus plasminogen activator for occluded coronary arteries(GUSTO). Results The reperfusion rate of the group with reteplase was 88.6%(156/176) at 2 h after the thrombolysis, higher than that with urokinase 51.1%(91/178)(P<0.001), and the time of reperfusion in reteplase group was 18 min(IC95%11~25) earlier than urokinase group(P<0.001). The total mortality in reteplase group after thrombolysis during hospitalization was 0.6%(1/176), and 3.4%(6/178) in urokinase group(P>0.05);There were no GUSTO severe bleeding events in both groups, and GUSTO moderate bleeding rates in the group of reteplase and urokinase were 1.7%(3/176), 0.0%(0/178)(P>0.05), GUSTO slight bleeding rate was 6.8%(12/176), 2.8%(5/178)(P>0.05) respectively. Conclusion Reteplase has a higher recanalization rate than urokinase, and lower cardiovascular events and bleeding rate, which is a safe and effective thrombolytic drug.

Abstract:Aim To analyze the risk factors of carotid intima-media thickness(CIMT) in adults with normal blood pressure and biochemical indices. Methods We recruited 736 healthy people with normal blood pressure and biochemical indices from the population of Dalian, China. All participants were tested for their CIMT, and biochemical indices (fasting plasma glucose(FPG),fasting insulin(FINS), 2 hours postprandial blood glucose of 75 g OGTT (2hPPG), glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c), high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDLC), low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDLC), total cholesterol (TC), triglyceride (TG), serum uric acid(SUA) and serum creatinine (SCr)) and anthropometric indices(weight, height, waistline and systolic/diastolic pressure). Furthermore,waist-to-hip ratio(WHR), BMI, urinary alumin/creatinine ratio(UACR), creatinine clearance(Ccr), HOMA-IR and pulse pressure were calculated. Participants were then stratified into three groups according to their CIMT:C1(CIMT＜0.9 mm),C2(0.9 mm≤CIMT＜1.2 mm) and C3(CIMT≥1.2 mm). The associations between biochemical and anthropometric indices and the risk factors of CIMT were analyzed. Results (1) There was statistically significant difference(P<0.05) in age,BMI,waist circumference, WHR, SUA, systolic pressure and pulse pressure between the three groups stratified by CIMT. CIMT increased with age, waist circumference, SUA, systolic pressure and pulse pressure. WHR and BMI in C3 group were significantly higher than C1 and C2 group(P<0.05). (2)CIMT increased with age in males and females. The age-related increase in CIMT was different between male and female in 40-50 group and 50-60 group. The CIMT of male was significantly higher than female in age of 40-50. The CIMT of female was significantly higher than male in age of 50-60. (3)The partial correlation analysis showed that pulse pressure, BMI, waist circumference, SUA and systolic pressure all positively correlated with CIMT in males and females when excluded the influence of age. Logistic regression analysis showed that age and pulse pressure were independent risk factors of CIMT in males and females(P<0.05). Conclusions (1)CIMT increased with age within a cohort with normal blood pressure and biochemical indices. The CIMT of male was significantly higher than female in age of 40-50 . The CIMT of female was significantly higher than male in age of 50-60. (2)The present study shows that increasing age and pulse pressure are independent risk factors of CIMT in males and femals.

Abstract:Aim To summarize the clinical characteristics and prognosis of psoriasis complicated with coronary heart disease (CHD). Methods A retrospective analysis was performed on 15 patients diagnosed with psoriasis and primary CHD by coronary angiography. The traditional CHD risk factors, the situation of the first cardiovascular event, the characteristics of coronary artery lesion and follow-up results of cardiovascular disease events and psoriasis were analyzed. Results The age of onset CHD in patients with psoriasis was 55.13±10.90 years old, and traditional risk factors for CHD were 3.20±1.01 average per case. There were 11 cases (73.33%) of acute coronary syndrome in 15 cases, including 5 cases of acute ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction, 3 cases of acute non ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction, 3 cases of unstable angina pectoris. Coronary angiography showed single vessel lesion in 4 cases (26.67%), double vessel lesion in 3 cases (20.0%) and three vessel lesion in 6 cases (40.0%), left main coronary artery lesion in 2 cases (13.33%), left main coronary artery lesion plus three vessel lesion in 1 case (6.67%). 11 cases (73.33%) were diffuse lesions, among them, 2 cases (13.33%) were diffuse lesion with severe calcification. Percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) was administered in 11 patients. The average follow-up time was 16.33±8.65 months, and 3 patients had recurrent angina, 2 cases of them were treated with PCI again. Psoriasis area and severity index (PASI) score of 15 patients at the last follow-up was significantly lower than that at the admission (8.98±1.34 vs 12.91±1.10, P＝0.01). Conclusions Patients with psoriasis and CHD are more acute onset. The degree of coronary artery lesion is heavy, and the incidence of cardiovascular events is higher during the follow-up period. The use of statins may also have a certain degree of improvement in the condition of psoriasis.

Abstract:Aim To investigate the effect of the therapeutic lifestyle change (TLC) combined with SWOT analysis and medical social work in patients with metabolic syndrome. Methods Three hundred patients with metabolic syndrome in Shangma community in Qingdao, were randomly divided into two groups (150 cases in each group). The patients in one group(TLC group) had received therapeutic lifestyle intervention for 1 year. And the patients in the other group (improved TLC group) had received the improved therapeutic lifestyle intervention combined with SWOT analysis and medical social work for 1 year. The changes of weight, body mass index (BMI), waistline, blood pressure (BP), fasting blood glucose (FBG) and blood lipid (including triglyceride (TG), total cholesterol (TC), high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDLC), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDLC)) were evaluated before/after intervention for both groups. Then we calculated the cumulative percentages of patients remaining discharged by Kaplan-Meier method and compared the differences of the rehospitalization by the Log-rank test. Results After the interventions, the weight, BMI, waistline, FBG and blood lipid except BP were significantly improved in improved TLC group (P＜0.05), and the weight, BMI, waistline, TG and HDLC except BP, FBG, TC and LDLC were significantly improved in TLC group (P＜0.05). The weight, BMI, waistline, FBG and blood lipid were improved more significantly in improved TLC group than in TLC group. The results of comparison about the cumulative percentages of patients remaining discharged in the two groups was that the differences was not significant in 10 weeks and was significant in remaining weeks in the two groups(P＜0.05).Conclusion The therapeutic lifestyle change combined with SWOT analysis and medical social work can provide an individuation intervention for the patients with metabolic syndrome,and can resolve the problem of psychosocial and treatment compliance that TLC can’t resolve. The improved TLC can improve the each index of the metabolic syndrome significantly and delay the development of the related complications that is worth to be promoted.

Abstract:Atherosclerotic renal artery stenosis (ARAS) is a progressive disease with poor prognosis, and its risk factors are complex and various. Analysis of ARAS risk factors is helpful for early intervention, adjuvant diagnosis and therapy, and improving prognosis. Analytic hierarchy process (AHP) is a kind of multi decision analysis method, which is widely used in medical field. In this paper, firstly, the risk factors of ARAS are briefly introduced, and the basic principles of AHP are summarized. This paper focuses on the process of constructing ARAS risk factors prediction model based on AHP, and discusses the significance of AHP application in clinical field.

Abstract:Peroxiredoxins are highly conserved peroxidases. Although the thioredoxin peroxidase activity of peroxiredoxin (Prx) is important to maintain low levels of endogenous hydrogen peroxide, Prx has also been shown to promote hydrogen peroxide-mediated signalling. Mitogen activated protein kinase (MAPK) signalling pathways mediate cellular responses to a variety of stimuli, including reactive oxygen species (ROS). Here we review the evidence that Prx can act as both sensors and barriers to the activation of MAPK and discuss the underlying mechanisms involved, focusing in particular on the relationship with thioredoxin.

Abstract:Extracellular matrix (ECM), formed in organ growth, plays an important role in many human diseases.Hyaluronic acid (HA ) is one of the main components of the ECM, which plays an important role in tumor cell growth, differentiation, metastasis and angiogenesis. The expression of inflammatory genes is stimulated by various immune cells to stimulate the expression of HA in the damaged site. Macro- and microangiopathies are the major complications of many diseases such as diabetes, due to the close contact between the metabolism and HA synthesis, and it is possible to make HA and diabetes and other diseases have close contact. Vascular smooth muscle cell (VSMC) derived HA promotes the formation of new intima after vascular injury, and HA may be a potential target for the treatment of cardiovascular disease.This article mainly reviewed the relationship between HA and vascular disease.

Abstract:As a high incidence of deep vein thrombosis, high-risk disease worthy of research, animal model of deep vein thrombosis lay the foundation for the study of deep vein thrombosis. There are many types of animal thrombosis model, the murine animal models are the most common, while non-murine animal models are relatively few. A review on the thrombus model of the non-murine large animal model, generalizing the production methods, evaluation mechanisms, research progresses, advantages and disadvantages, for future clinical research provide important reference for venous thromboembolic disease.

Abstract:The cell-derived microparticles are produced in the process of cell activation or apoptosis, and the sources include platelets, endothelial cells, leukocytes, erythrocytes and so on. They not only are carrier mediated intercellular transfer of many kinds of bioactive substance, but also play an important role in the occurrence and development of many diseases, such as cardiovascular disease, infection disease, tumor and diabetes and so on. The characteristics of cell-derived microparticles and their relationship with the disease are reviewed in this paper.