Abstract:Aim To investigate whether angiopoietin-1 (Ang-1) regulates ATP-binding cassette transporter A1 (ABCA1), ABCG1 expression and cholesterol efflux through liver X receptor α (LXRα) in THP-1 derived macrophages. Methods THP-1 cells were incubated with 160 nmol/L phorbol ester to transform into macrophages. Subsequently, THP-1 derived macrophages were exposed to 50 mg/L oxidized low density lipoprotein (ox-LDL) and cultured with typical approaches. The experimental groups were divided into control group and Ang-1 group. Liquid scintillation counter was used to determine the efficiency of cholesterol efflux. Lipids contents were tested with high performance liquid chromatogram (HPLC). Real-time PCR and Western blot were used to quantify the expression of ABCA1, ABCG1. THP-1 derived macrophages were pretreated with LXRα angonists T0901317 or inhibitors GGPP, respectively. Results Ang-1 obviously reduced cholesterol efflux, and downregulated ABCA1, ABCG1 expression. LXRα angonists T0901317 interfered Ang-1-inhibited ABCA1, ABCG1 expression and cholesterol efflux. Conclusion Ang-1 decreased THP-1 derived macrophages cholesterol efflux in a LXRα dependent manner and downregulated ABCA1, ABCG1 expression.

Abstract:Aim To observe the correlative mechanism between ghrelin and osteoprotegerin (OPG)/receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa B ligand (RANKL) in A7r5 calcification. Methods Changes of ghrelin in A7r5 calcification under high-lipid, glucose-coexisting conditions were observed. And then, effects of OPG and RANKL regulated by exogenous ghrelin on A7r5 calcification under high-lipid, glucose, β-glycerophosphate-coexisting conditions were investigated. Finally, the interaction between OPG/RANKL and ghrelin in A7r5 calcification under high-lipid, glucose, β-glycerophosphate-coexisting conditions was explored. Von Kossa staining, alizarin red staining, extracellular calcium deposition assay, immunohistochemical staining, Western blot analysis were performed after incubation of 14 days. ResultsVon Kossa staining, alizarin red staining and extracellular calcium deposition test showed that calcium deposition of A7r5 cells significantly increased by 5.21 times under diabetic metabolic disorder simulated by high-lipid, glucose, β-glycerophosphate-coexisting conditions. Ghrelin immunohistochemical staining and IPP6 quantitative analysis indicated that the expression of ghrelin was dramatically reduced with the formation and development of calcification. Exogenous ghrelin could increase the relative expression of OPG by 6.25 times. Compared with the high glucose,high lipid and calcified group, the calcium deposition in anti-OPG group and RANKL group were raised by 1.33 times (P<0.05) and 1.59 times (P<0.05), respectively. Compared with anti-OPG group, the calcium deposition in anti-OPG plus ghrelin group was decreased by 41.9% (P<0.05); Compared with RANKL group, the calcium deposition in RANKL plus ghrelin group was decreased by 57.8% (P<0.05). Conclusion Ghrelin regulated A7r5 cells calcification by OPG/RANKL signal.

Abstract:Aim To test the anti-inflammatory biological activity of prokaryotic expressed lunasin, and to lay the foundation for future lunasin development in biomedical field. Methods The lunasin DNA fragment amplified by PCR was cloned into the expression vector pET28 by means of genetic engineering technology. After the identification by restriction enzyme digestion and sequencing, lunasin expression was induced. The purification of lunasin was performed by nickel ion affinity chromatography. Griess method and ELISA were used to test the effects of lunasin on the contents of nitric oxide, tumor necrosis factor-α and interleukin-6 in the culture medium of mouse J774A.1 cells. The effects of lunasin on the phosphorylation of nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) p65 and the expression of tissue factor (TF) were detected by Western blot. Results Prokaryotic expression vector of lunasin was successfully constructed and the recombinant lunasin peptide with about 90% purification was obtained. Lunasin could inhibit activation of NF-κB induced by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in mouse J774A.1 cells and then subsequently suppressed the synthesis of nitric oxide and the expression of downstream genes like tumor necrosis factor-α and interleukin-6. Lunasin also significantly inhibited the expression of TF induced by LPS in J774A.1 cells. Conclusion Prokaryotic expressed lunasin shows significant anti-inflammatory biological activity, and significantly inhibits the TF expression induced by LPS in J774A.1 cells, and its mechanism may be achieved by inhibiting the activation of NF-κB.

Abstract:Aim To observe the effect of electroacupuncture (EA) at Quchi and Zusanli acupoint on the expressions of cortical synaptophysin (SYN) and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) in cerebral ischemia model rats, and to explore the mechanism of EA in the treatment of ischemic stroke. Methods 90 rats were randomly divided into sham operation group, model group and EA group, and each group was divided into 3 subgroups according to time points:3 days group, 7 days group, 14 days group, 10 rats in each subgroup. Left middle cerebral artery occlusion model was established by modified suture plug method in model group and EA group. Neurological deficit score was scored at 2 h after operation and before death. EA group received EA at affected side Quchi and Zusanli acupoint, 1 time each day, 30 minutes each time, until the animal was killed. Immunohistochemical staining, Western blot and reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) were used to detect the expression of SYN and BDNF in the left cortex of rats. Results Compared with sham operation group, the neurological deficit scores of model group and EA group were significantly increased (P＜0.01); after EA treatment, the neurological deficit score of EA group was lower than that of model group (P＜0.05). Immunohistochemical staining and Western blot results showed that compared with sham operation group, the expression of SYN protein was significantly decreased in model group and EA group, and the expression of SYN protein in EA group was significantly higher than that in model group (P＜0.01); Compared with sham operation group, the expression of BDNF protein was significantly increased in model group and EA group, and the expression of BDNF protein in EA group was significantly higher than that in model group (P＜0.01). RT-PCR results showed that compared with sham operation group, the expression of SYN mRNA was significantly decreased in model group and EA group, and the expression of SYN mRNA in EA group was significantly higher than that in model group (P＜0.01); Compared with sham operation group, the expression of BDNF mRNA was significantly increased in model group and EA group, and the expression of BDNF mRNA in EA group was significantly higher than that in model group (P＜0.01). Conclusion Electroacupuncture at Quchi and Zusanli acupoint can promote the synthesis and secretion of BDNF in the cerebral cortex of rats with cerebral ischemia, and increase the expression of SYN, which may play an important role in the regulation of brain plasticity.

Abstract:Aim To investigate the epigenetic regulation mechanism of oxidized lipoprotein(a)[ox-Lp(a)] injury on vascular endothelial cells. Methods Bioinformatics and luciferase reporter gene were used to screen candidate microRNA binding to 0,1- translocation enzyme 2 (TET2) mRNA 3’-UTR and verify their targeted binding tendency. 0 mg/L, 25 mg/L, 50 mg/L and 100 mg/L of ox-Lp(a) were incubated with HUVEC-12 vascular endothelial cell line for 24 h, or incubated with HUVEC-12 vascular endothelial cell line with 100 mg/L ox-Lp(a) for 0 h, 6 h, 12 h, 24 h, 48 h respectively. qRT-PCR and Western blot were used to detect TET2 mRNA and protein expression levels. The expression of hsa-miR-125a-5p was detected by qRT-PCR. The change of TET2 activity was analyzed by detecting 5hmc level. Transwell was used to detect the permeability of monoclonal vascular endothelial cells. Results Bioinformatic analysis and luciferase reporter assay showed that TET2 was the target gene of hsa-miR-125a-5p, and the binding energy of hsa-miR-125a-5p to the 3’-UTR of TET2 mRNA was low (－30.1 kcal/mol). The activity of TET2 protein and mRNA was inhibited by ox-Lp(a) in the dose and time-dependent manner. The best reaction dose and time of ox-Lp(a) was 100 mg/L and 24 h. The activity of TET2 was down-regulated by 100 mg/L ox-Lp(a), while the expression of hsa-miR-125a-5p was significantly up-regulated, and anti-hsa-miR-125a-5p could reverse it. Ox-Lp(a) significantly increased the permeability of monolayer endothelial cells, but could be partially reversed by anti-hsa-miR-125a-5p. Conclusion Ox-Lp(a) inhibited the expression and activity of TET2 and increased the permeability of monolayer vascular endothelial cells by up-regulating hsa-miR-125a-5p expression which targeted binding to 3’-UTR of TET2 mRNA.

Abstract:Aim The application of neuregulin-1 (NRG-1) and captopril alone or in combination, the mechanism of heart failure and the improvement of cardiac function in rats with heart failure were analyzed. Methods A total of 100 SD rats were randomly divided into NRG-1 group, captopril group, combination group, pseudo-operation group and control group. In addition to the pseudo-operation group, the other four groups were made into rat heart failure model on the basis of puncture operation. Rats in the NRG-1 group and the captopril group were treated with NRG-1 and captopril, respectively, and rats in the combination group were given NRG-1 combined with captopril, and the effect of different regimen on the inhibition of cardiomyocyte apoptosis and the improvement of cardiac function were compared. ResultsCompared with the pseudo-operation group, the cardiac function index decreased, the plasma BNP concentration increased, the hemodynamic index changed, the hypertrophy index increased, the apoptosis index of the cardiomyocytes increased, the difference was statistically significant (P＜0.05). Compared with the control group, the indexes of cardiac function, plasma BNP, hemodynamics, cardiac hypertrophy and cardiomyocyte apoptosis index were significantly improved in NRG-1 group, captopril group and combination group after 8 weeks of treatment, the difference was statistically significant (P＜0.05). And NRG-1 group was superior to captopril group (P＜0.05) in plasma BNP concentration and myocardial cell apoptosis index (P＜0.05), and the effect of the above indexes was better than that of captopril and NRG-1 alone group (P＜0.05). Conclusion NRG-1 and captopril in the treatment of heart failure can effectively inhibit myocardial cell apoptosis, improve heart function, if the two drugs in combination, can further enhance the efficacy.

Abstract:Aim To investigate the distribution characteristics of plasma low density lipoprotein (LDL) subfractions in patients with myocardial infarction and to analyze the correlation between the subfractions and serum clinical biochemical indicators in patients with acute myocardial infarction (AMI) and old myocardial infarction (OMI). MethodsThe fresh serum of 14 patients with acute myocardial infarction (AMI), 24 patients with old myocardial infarction (OMI) and 19 healthy subjects at the Second Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University from June to December in 2015 were collected and screened. Plasma LDL subfractions composition and content were determined by Lipoprint subclass analysis system. Results Serum LDL average particle diameter, the content and percentage of I-LDL were significantly decreased (P＜0.01), and the content and percentage of S-LDL were significantly increased in acute myocardial infarction and old myocardial infarction (P＜0.01). From acute myocardial infarction to old myocardial infarction, serum S-LDL, especially correlation of LDL₅C, LDL₆C, LDL₇C and serum TC, LDLC, ApoB, CK-MB, cTnT had undergone significant changes. Conclusion Compared with LDLC concentration increase, the decrease of LDL particle size and the increase of S-LDL content and percentage were very important for the accurate detection and diagnosis of patients with clinical myocardial infarction. The correlation between serum LDL₅C, LDL₆C, LDL₇C and clinical biochemical indicators have great diagnostic value for the diagnosis of acute myocardial infarction and the differential diagnosis of acute myocardial infarction.

Abstract:Aim To investigate the relationship between platelet-to-lymphocyte ratio (PLR) and myocardial reperfusion, in-hospital major adverse cardiac events (MACE) in patients with acute anterior myocardial infarction (MI) who underwent primary percutaneous coronary intervention (PPCI). Methods 136 consecutive patients with acute anterior MI who underwent PPCI were enrolled in this retrospective study. The quartile of PLR before the procedure was obtained by quadratic method. Patients having values in the fourth quintile group was defined as the high PLR group ( PLR≥165), and those having values in the lower 3 quintiles were defined as the low PLR group (PLR<165). Baseline clinical features, Killip classification, thrombolysis in myocardial infarction (TIMI) flow grade, myocardial blush grade (MBG) and in-hospital MACE were analyzed. Results Patients with high PLR had higher Killip grade compared with patients with low PLR (47% vs 20%, P=0.005). Patients in the high PLR group had significant lower TIMI flow (36% vs 14%, P=0.004) and MBG grade (44% vs 21%, P=0.016) than those in the low PLR group. More patients with high PLR had impaired myocardial perfusion than those with low PLR (56% vs 27%, P=0.002). Multivariate analyses indicated that the independent risk factors of impaired myocardial perfusion were PLR (OR 1.9,5% CI 1.004～1.015, P=0.001), thrombus aspiration (OR 1.3,5% CI 1.012～2.144, P=0.043), BNP (OR 1.1,5% CI 1.000～1.002, P=0.034) and CK-MB peak (OR 1.2,5% CI 1.001～1.005, P=0.067). Furthermore, the high PLR group had significantly higher MACE (25% vs 7%, P=0.004) and all-cause mortality (14% vs 2%, P=0.014) than the low PLR group. Conclusion The study suggested that PLR was an independent risk factor of impaired myocardial perfusion. Moreover, higher PLR is related to all-cause death and in-hospital MACE in patients with anterior MI who underwent PPCI.

Abstract:Aim To investigate the serum expressions of miR-663, miR-126 and miR-370 of microRNA (miRNA) after stent implantation in patients with coronary heart disease, and to analyze the predictive value of the above 3 types of miRNA in in-stent restenosis (ISR). Methods The study included 175 patients with coronary heart disease, who underwent coronary stent implantation and followed up coronary angiography, and the patients were divided into ISR group (n＝66) and non-ISR group (n＝109) according to the results of angiography. The clinical data were analyzed and compared in the two groups. The serum samples of all patients were collected and the expression levels of serum miR-663, miR-126 and miR-370 were detected by real-time quantitative PCR. The values of the above 3 types of miRNA predicting ISR were analyzed by statistical methods. Results A total of 66 cases of ISR occurred in 175 patients with coronary heart disease after stent implantation. Smoking rate was higher in ISR group (P＜0.05). The levels of blood glucose, low density lipoprotein cholesterol and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) in ISR group were higher than those in non-ISR group (P＜0.01). The expressions of serum miR-663 and miR-126 in ISR group were lower than those in non-ISR group, but the expression of miR-370 was higher than that in non-ISR group (all P＜0.01). Logistic regression analysis showed that the expression levels of miR-663 and miR-126 were related to ISR, and smoking and hs-CRP were independent risk factors of ISR. The results of receiver operating characteristic curve showed that the area under curve (AUC) of miR-663, miR-126 and miR-370 predicting ISR were 0.2,0.720 and 0.650, respectively, while the AUC of miR-663 combined with miR-126 predicting ISR was 0.909, which was superior to the prediction efficiency of single miRNA. Conclusion The expressions of miR-663 and miR-126 were decreased and the expression of miR-370 is increased in patients with ISR after coronary stent implantation. Serum miR-663, miR-126 and miR-370 can be used to predict the occurrence of ISR, and miR-663 combined with miR-126 can significantly improve the efficacy of ISR prediction.

Abstract:Aim To investigate the effect of intra-aortic balloon pumping (IABP) on renal function in patients with acute ST-elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) complicated by cardiogenic shock (CS). Methods A total of 103 patients with STEMI complicated by CS was randomized into control group (n＝51) and IABP group (n＝52). The clinical data were compared between the two groups. The incidence, severity, and 30-days survival rate of acute kidney injury (AKI), and the impact of IABP on AKI were observed in patients with STEMI complicated by CS. Results No significant difference was found in age, sex, medical history (including hypertension, diabetes, and complicated pulmonary edema), systolic blood pressure and mean arterial blood pressure at admission, heart rate, left ventricle ejection fraction, baseline serum creatinine, baseline evaluated glomerular filtration rate, door-balloon time, contrast agent dosage, and postoperative thrombolysis in myocardial infarction blood flow of patients between the two groups (P＞0.05). In the intravenous dose of dopamine and norepinephrine use rate, IABP group was lower than control group (P＜0.05). In the control group, AKI occurred mainly on the first day, while in the IABP group AKI occurred more on the second day, and there was no significant difference in the overall incidence of AKI between the two groups (P＞0.05). The renal replacement therapy (RRT) in the control group was higher than that in the IABP group (35.3% vs 17.3%, P＜0.05). The serum creatinine on the first day in control group was higher than that in IABP group (P＜0.05), but there were no significant differences between the two groups on the admission base value, the second day and the third day. There was no significant difference in the 30-days survival rate between the control group and the IABP group, while the 30-days survival rate of AKI patients was lower than that of non-AKI patients (P＜0.01). Conclusion IABP does not reduce the incidence of AKI and does not improve the 30-days survival rate in patients with STEMI complicated by CS, but it slows the rate of AKI progression and decreases the rate of RRT use in patients with AKI.

Abstract:Aim To investigate the clinical value of neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL) for the early diabetic nephropathy(DN), and further explore the relationship of NGAL and atherogenic index of plasma. Methods 120 cases of patients with diabetes mellitus were divided into 2 groups according to the urinary albumin creatinine ratio(UA/Cr). In addition, there is a control group including 60 cases of healthy subjects. NGAL, hypersensitive c-reactive protein (hs-CRP) and lipid related indicators of all cases were measured and the atherogenic index of plasma (AIP) was calculated. The changes of NGAL, hs-CRP, AIP were compared and analyzed. All cases were divided into three groups according to the three digits of AIP. The changes of NGAL and hs-CRP were analyzed. Simple linear correlation and multiple linear regression analysis were performed for all variables. Results The level of NGAL, AIP and hs-CRP in normal albuminuria group and DN group was significantly increased compared with control group(P<0.001). The level of NGAL, AIP and hs-CRP in DN group was significantly increased compared with normal albuminuria group(P<0.001).Serum NGAL level increased obviously as the rise of the AIP three digits. AIP were positively correlated with hs-CRP and NGAL(r=0.296, 0.313, P<0.05). Independent influencing factors for AIP were NGAL and hs-CRP. Conclusion NGAL is an index for early DN. NGAL is an acute phase reaction protein which is involved in the development of atherosclerosis in diabetic nephropathy.

Abstract:Aim To evaluate the relationship of T cell subsets and intracranial and extracranial atherosclerosis in patients with Cerebral Infarction. Methods Based on the Trial of Org 10172 in Acute Stroke Treatment(TOAST) criteria, 180 patients with cerebral infarction were classified into large artery atherosclerosis stroke group, cardioembolism group, small-artery occlusion group, other type stroke group and cryptogenic stroke group. The cases were also divided into intracranial and extracranial without arteriostenosis group, intracranial arteriostenosis group, extracranial arteriostenosis group and intracranial and extracranial with arteriostenosis group according to CTA of head and neck. All of the arteriostenosis groups were further divided into mild, moderate and severe groups according to the degree of stenosis. Meanwhile, 60 healthy persons were selected as the control group. T cell subsets levels between groups were compared. Results CD4+ T cells of the cases were obviously higher than those in the control group, while CD8+ T cells were significantly lower than those in the control group(P＜0.05). CD4+ T cells for the large artery atherosclerosis stroke and small-artery occlusion were obviously higher than those in the rest three groups, while CD8+ T cells was opposite(P＜0.05). The severity of intracranial and extracranial arteriostenosis was positively correlated with CD4+ T cells and negatively correlated with CD8+ T cells. CD4+ T cells of the groups of no intracranial and extracranial arteriostenosis were lower than those in the rest arteriostenosis groups, while CD8+ T cells was opposite(P＜0.05). There was no statistical significance for the T cell subsets of all the arteriostenosis groups. Conclusion CD4+T cells and CD8+T cells is closely related to the atherosclerosis of cerebral infarction. There is a predictive value to atherosclerosis formation for detection of T cell subsets.

Abstract:Aim To evaluate the relationship between the levels of heparin binding epidermal growth factor(HB-EGF), phosphodiesterase 4D (PDE4D) in serum and acute coronary syndrome(ACS). Methods The protein levels of HB-EGF, PDE4D were measured in serum of 50 patients with ACS (ACS group) and 100 cases normal control (normal control group) by double antibodies sandwich ABC-ELISA method. The relationship between the protein levels and ACS was evaluated by logistic regression analysis. Results After correcting for meaningful factors such as high blood pressure, smoking, TG, TC, LDLC, HDLC and BMI by single factor analysis, it found that the protein level of HB-EGF was associated with whether or not suffering from ACS (OR=4.4,5%CI was 1.2,9.498, P=0.001). The protein level of PDE4D was associated with whether or not suffering from ACS, too (OR=5.9,5%CI was 1.4,4.448, P=0.003). Conclusion The protein levels of HB-EGF, PDE4D in serum was associated with whether or not suffering from ACS. Cases with high protein levels of HB-EGF, PDE4D were at high risk of ACS.

Abstract:Aim To investigate the clinical value of color Doppler ultrasonography (CDU) for brachiocephalic trunk tortuosity in pathway selection of transradial coronary angiography (CAG). Methods 700 patients with unstable angina pectoris undergoing CAG were randomly divided into the test group (n＝362) and the control group (n＝338). According to the CDU screening with or without brachiocephalic trunk tortuosity, the test group was divided into CDU tortuosity group and CDU non-tortuosity group. According to the CAG screening with or without brachiocephalic trunk tortuosity, the control group was divided into CAG tortuosity group and CAG non-tortuosity group. Diagnostic accuracy of CDU for brachiocephalic trunk tortuosity, incidence of brachiocephalic trunk tortuosity and its effect on CAG operation success rate, operation time and complications were analyzed. Results The incidence rates of brachiocephalic trunk tortuosity in test group and control group were 9.4%, 10.7% respectively, and the difference between the two groups was not statistically significant (P＞0.05). The sensitivity of CDU diagnosis for brachiocephalic trunk tortuosity was 94.4%, the specificity was 98.7%. Compared with CDU tortuosity group, CDU non-tortuosity group and CAG non-tortuosity group, the operation success rate was decreased and operation time was increased in CAG tortuosity group (P＜0.05). The cases of radial artery spasm were 1,9, 1, and 8 respectively in CDU tortuosity group, CDU non-tortuosity group, CAG tortuosity group and CAG non-tortuosity group. 1 case of mild aortic dissection and 12 cases of catheter knotting occured in CAG tortuosity group. Conclusion CDU may provide the important reference value for interventional physicians to select more effective CAG pathway in patients with brachiocephalic trunk tortuosity.

Abstract:Aim To investigate the display effect of high-resolution magnetic resonance imaging (HR-MRI) on the evaluation of vascular lumen, vascular wall structure and composition in vertebral artery dissection (VAD). Methods 5 patients with VAD who were completed with digital subtraction angiography, magnetic resonance angiography, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and HR-MRI were enrolled retrospectively from January 2012 to April 2016 in this study.The diagnostic value of HR-MRI for VAD was compared and analyzed. Results HR-MRI could determine the following:(1)The atherosclerotic plaque of vertebral artery was composed of a large number of lipid core; (2)There was a large area of “false cavity” and completely collapsed “true cavity” in VAD; (3)HR-MRI could effectively distinguish congenital vertebral artery hypoplasia and atherosclerotic plaque. In addition, based on the etiological diagnosis of classic MRI, after HR-MRI scan, 2 patients were treated with lipid-lowering drugs, and 2 patients were treated with dual antiplatelet drugs in a short period of time. Conclusion The application of HR-MRI in the diagnosis of VAD patients can explain the condition of the affected vessel wall in more detail, which can help doctors better identify the pathogenesis of individual patients and select the best therapeutic drug.

Abstract:Vascular calcification is a multi-factor mediated, reversible and active regulation process. It involves a large number of cytokines and signaling pathways. The essence of vascular calcification is an osteoblastic phenotypic shift in some vascular cell types, resulting in vascular wall thickening, lumen stenosis and vascular remodeling. Recent studies have showed that several kinds of vascular cells including vascular smooth muscle cells, calcifying vascular cells, pericytes and mesenchymal stem cells in vascular walls have the potential to differentiate into osteoblast-like phenotype. Therefore, it is important to study the origin of the osteoblast-like cells and the modulation of phenotypic transition related to the vascular calcification.

Abstract:Percutaneous coronary intervention and thrombolytic therapy can significantly benefit and improve the prognosis of myocardial infarction patients, but the following problem of myocardial ischemia reperfusion injury is also prominent. Myocardial ischemia reperfusion injury involves multiple target pathways, and the relationship between different signaling pathways is complex. In recent years, reperfusion injury salvage kinase and survivor activating factor enhancement, two novel survival promoting kinase signaling pathways, have emerged as a new target for the treatment of reperfusion intervention, thus becoming a new breakthrough point in cardiovascular diseases and even other vascular diseases. This article aims to explain the mechanism of the protective effects of these two signaling pathways on myocardial ischemia reperfusion, and provide a new approach for the research and development of new drugs for myocardial infarction.

Abstract:The newly found adipocytokine omentin, secreted from visceral fat tissue, is reported to have close revelation with metabolic syndrome and inflammatory diseases with the ability of improving insulin sensitivity. As an independent indicator of the existence of carotid atherosclerosis plaque, omentin might regulate the incidence and development of atherosclerosis. Omentin may play an anti-atherosclerosis role by protecting endothelia cells from injuries, inhibiting the formation of macrophage-derived foam cells, suppressing the proliferation, migration and the secreting of smooth muscle cells, as well as its anti-inflammatory effects. This review mainly goes through the papers in terms of omentin and its relationship with atherosclerosis, which may provide a valuable view of atherosclerosis.

Abstract:Cardiovascular disease is one of the common diseases, and also is a serious threat to human health. Now cardiovascular disease has becoming the world's leading cause of death. Atherosclerosis is considered to be the basis of the onset of cardiovascular diseases. Chinese traditional medicine hirudo contains a variety of active substances which plays a multicomponent, multiple targets in the process of synergy for the prevention and treatment of many complex diseases such as cardiovascular disease. In recent years, hirudo and proprietary Chinese medicine or compound preparations containing hirudo has been widely used in the clinical treatment of cardiovascular disease. This article was mainly about the effect of hirudo on vascular endothelial cell, macrophage, and vascular smooth muscle cell in atherosclerosis.