Abstract:Aim To explore the effects of aging and hypertension on phenotypic switching of thoracic aortic vascular smooth muscle cell (VSMC) and regulation of VSMC phenotype by phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K/Akt) and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathway. Methods Male Wistar Kyoto rats (WKY) and spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) were studied at 1,3, 9,6 months of age, and each group had 12 rats. Blood pressure was noninvasively measured in the caudal artery. The thoracic aorta of rats in each group was taken for the experiment. HE staining was used to measure the wall thickness of the thoracic aorta. The expression and distribution of VSMC phenotype marker proteins α-smooth muscle-actin (α-SM-actin), calponin and osteopontin (OPN) were detected by immunohistochemical staining. Western blot was used to detect the expression of VSMC phenotype marker protein α-SM-actin, calponin, OPN, and signal proteins p-Akt, endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS), p-42/44ERK and p-p38MAPK. Results HE staining showed that aging resulted in an increase in the thickness of vascular wall, and at 9 months old, there was a significant difference between WKY and SHR (P＜0.01). Immunohistochemical staining and Western blot showed that after 3 months old, the expressions of α-SM-actin and calponin in WKY and SHR decreased with the increase of age, while OPN increased; The expressions of p-Akt and eNOS proteins gradually decreased with the increase of age, and the expressions of p-42/44ERK and p-p38MAPK proteins increased gradually with the increase of age; At 3 months old, there was significant difference between the two groups (P＜0.01). Conclusion Aging and hypertension all contribute to the decreases in expressions of VSMC contractile phenotype marker proteins α-SM-actin and calponin, and the increase in the expression of VSMC synthetic phenotypic marker protein OPN in rat thoracic aorta. The interaction between aging and hypertension is more significant. The phenotypic switching of VSMC may be mediated by the balance between PI3K/Akt and MAPK signaling pathways.

Abstract:Aim To investigate the effect and possible mechanism of total flavones of dracocephalum moldavica (TFDM) on atherosclerosis lesions in apolipoprotein E gene deficient (ApoE－/－) mice. Methods ApoE－/－ mice were randomly divided into model group, simvastatin group and TFDM high, medium, low dose group, C57BL/6J mice were set as the normal control group. After treated for 12 weeks, the mice were sacrificed and plasma lipids were determined, the area of atherosclerotic plaques and the ratio of plaque area to aorta were measured by HE staining, the expressions of intercellular cell adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1), vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1), proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) in aortic atherosclerotic lesions were detected by immunohistochemistry analysis. Results Compared with the model group, the levels of triglyceride (TG) and low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDLC) was decreased significantly in treatment group. The atherosclerotic lesions reduced and the ratio of plaque area to aorta decreased in TFDM groups. The expression of ICAM-1, VCAM-1 and PCNA were down-regulated by TFDM. Conclusion TFDM can inhibit atherosclerosis formation which involved in decreasing the level of plasma lipids and weakening the expression of ICAM-1, VCAM-1 and PCNA in the aorta wall.

Abstract:Aim To investigate the effects and mechanisms of cyclophilin A (CypA) on the expression of ATP binding cassette trasporter A1 (ABCA1) and cholesterol efflux in THP-1 derived macrophages. Methods THP-1 cells were incubated with 160 nmol/L phorbol ester to transform into macrophages. THP-1 derived macrophages were exposed to 50 mg/L oxidized low density lipoprotein (ox-LDL) and cultured with typical approaches. Liquid scintillation counter was used to determine the efficiency of cholesterol efflux. Lipids contents were tested with high performance liquid chromatogram (HPLC). Real-time PCR and Western blot were used to quantify the expression of ABCA1 and nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) nuclear translocation. Parthenolide was used as the specific inhibitor of NF-κB. CD147 was silenced with siRNA. Results CypA significantly reduced cholesterol efflux, promoted NF-κB nuclear translocation and downregulated ABCA1 expression. NF-κB inhibitor parthenolide interfered CypA-prevented ABCA1 expression and cholesterol efflux. After CD147 were silenced with siRNA, CypA inhibited NF-κB nuclear translocation, upregulated ABCA1 expression and promoted cholesterol efflux. Conclusion CypA prevented THP-1 derived macrophages cholesterol efflux by activing NF-κB in a CD147 dependent manner and downregulating ABCA1 expression.

Abstract:Aim To investigate the effect of D-galactose on rat pulmonary fibrosis and matrix metalloproteinases (MMP-2) expression and the contents of the hyaluronic acid (HA), Laminin (LN), Collagen type Ⅲ (COL3) in the lung tissue of rat, and to analyze the correlation between MMP-2 and HA, LN, COL3. Methods The SD rats were randomly divided into two groups:normal group and D-galactose group. Morphological changes of lung tissue were observed by HE staining in two groups of rats. The mRNA expression of MMP-2 in the lung tissue in each group was detected by real-time fluorescent quantitative PCR (qRT-PCR). The immunohistochemistry (IHC) and Western blot method were used to detect MMP-2 protein expression in lung tissue. The enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was used to detect the content of HA, LN and COL3 in rat lung tissue, and the correlation between them was analysed. ResultsHE staining showed that the lung tissue of D-galactose group had obvious fibrosis changes. The mRNA and protein expression levels of MMP-2 in D- galactose induced group were higher than normal group(P＜0.05), and the contents of COL3 and laminin (LN) were higher than normal rats, but the content of hyaluronic acid (HA) was lower than the normal groups (P＜0.05). Correlation analysis results showed that the expression level of MMP-2 in the rats lung tissue was positively correlated with COL3 and LN, but negatively correlated with HA (P＜0.05). Conclusion D-galactose can cause lung fibrosis changes in aged rats, and could increase the expression level of MMP-2 and the content of COL3 and LN, and decrease the content of HA in the rats lung tissue, and there is a correlation between MMP-2 and COL3, LN, and HA which may provide other diagnostic basis for the detection of pulmonary fibrosis.

Abstract:Aim To investigate the effect of microRNA-146b (miR-146b) on the expression of p38 Mitogen-Activated protein kinase(p38MAPK) in human acute monocytic leukemia cell line(THP-1). Methods Cell model was established by angiotensinⅡ(AngⅡ)stimulation. Pre-miR-146b-3p or anti-miR-146b-3p were transfected by lentivirus and the expression of p38MAPK and COX2 were detected. p38MAPK siRNA was transfected and the expression of p38MAPK and cyclooxygenase(COX2) in THP-1 cells were detected. Results The expression of p38MAPK and COX2 was increased in THP-1 cells stimulated by AngⅡand pre-miR-146b-3p could amplify the effect. p38MAPK siRNA decreased the ability of pre-miR-146b-3p to increase levels p38MAPK and COX2. The difference was statistically significant (P<0.01). Conclusion miR-146b may regulate COX2 expression by p38MAPK in AngⅡstimulated THP-1 cells, and may play an important role in the diagnosis and treatment of cardiovascular diseases.

Abstract:Aim To investigate the effect of paeoniflorin (PF) on secretion of inflammatory factors and expression of ATP-binding cassette transporter A1 (ABCA1) in THP-1 cells. Methods After pretreatment with PF (10－8,0－7,0－6,0－5 and 10－4 mol/L) for 0.5 h, THP-1 cells was co-treated by LPS (1 mg/L) and PF for 24 h. Levels of interleukin-1β (IL-1β), interleukin-6 (IL-6), interleukin-8 (IL-8) and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) in supernatant of cell culture medium were tested by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Expression of ABCA1 in THP-1 cells were measured by Western blot. Results Compared with control group, the levels of IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8 and TNF-α in supernatant of cell culture medium were significantly increased (all P＜0.05) and expression of ABCA1 was significantly down-regulated in LPS group (P＜0.05). Compared with LPS group, the levels of IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8 and TNF-α in supernatant of cell culture medium were significantly decreased (all P＜0.05) and expression of ABCA1 was significantly up-regulated in LPS＋PF (10－6,0－5 and 10－4 mol/L) group (all P＜0.05). Conclusion Paeoniflorin inhibits the secretion of inflammatory factors and down-regultion of ABCA1 expression induced by LPS in THP-1 cells.

Abstract:Aim To explore the feasibility of atherogenic index of plasma (AIP) in predicting coronary heart disease (CHD) by comparing the predictive value of AIP and pulse wave velocity (PWV) on coronary heart disease. Methods A total of 316 patients (196 males and 120 females) with chest pain suspected coronary heart disease were taken the coronary angiography (CAG) in our hospital. Study subjects were divided into coronary heart disease group and non-coronary heart disease group according to the results of CAG. The independent risk factors of coronary heart disease were analyzed by multivariate Logistic regression analysis and predictive value on coronary heart disease were compared between the two groups. Results The levels of AIP and PWV were significantly higher in coronary heart disease group than those in non-coronary heart disease group (P＜0.01). Multivariate Logistic regression analysis revealed that high AIP and PWV were independent risk factors of coronary heart disease (P＜0.01). AIP was positively correlated with PWV in coronary heart disease patients (r=0.830, P＜0.01). Area under the curve for AIP and PWV in evaluating prognosis of coronary heart disease were 0.764 (95%CI was 0.683～0.802, P＜0.01) and 0.721 (95%CI was 0.642～0.784, P＜0.01).At the optimal point, there was no significant difference between the two groups in sensitivity, specificity and accuracy for coronary heart disease in statistics (P＞0.05). Conclusion There are certain predictive value of AIP level for coronary heart disease. When the level of AIP is higher than 0.161, the risk of coronary heart disease is greater.

Abstract:Aim To investigate the relativity of interleukin-6 gene－572C/G polymorphism with combined hyperlipidemia in Zunyi Han Nationality. Methods －572C/G polymorphism of 100 combined hyperlipidemia patients and 100 healthy individuals were tested by sequencing after polymerase chain reaction. Results Age, gender and blood sugar had no statistical differences between patients group and normal group, but blood lipid index of combined hyperlipidemia patients was higher than healthy individuals(P<0.05). The genotype frequency and allele gene frequency of IL-6 gene －572C/G showed no correlation between patients group and normal groups (P>0.05). Total cholesterol (TC), low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDLC), triglyceride(TG)/high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDLC) and TC/HDLC were different between CC and CG+GG genotype in the normal group(P<0.05); others had no differences among the two groups. Conclusion There was no relativity between IL-6 gene －572C/G polymorphism and combined hyperlipidemia in Zunyi Han Nationality. The －572G gene was not an independent risk factor for combined hyperlipidemia.

Abstract:Aim To access the antithrombotic effect of Ticagrelor and Clopidogrel in diabetic coronary atherosclerotic heart disease and further illustrate the role of serum advanced glycation end products(AGE) in treatment. Methods 120 patients suffered from diabetic coronary atherosclerotic heart disease hospitalized for percutaneous coronary intervention(PCI) in the department of cardiology, affiliated hospital of Jiangsu university were recruited from October 2014 to February 2017. They were randomly divided into two groups. Each group was provided with Clopidogrel and Ticagrelor, respectively. To compare the effect of anti-platelet therapy, platelet aggregation rates were measured via flow cytometry before and after double anti-platelet therapy. And platelet inhibition rate induced by arachidonic acid (AA) and adenosine diphosphate (ADP) pathway was measured by thrombus elastography. The levels of serum advanced glycation endproducts (AGE) were measured by ELISA. After treatment of 6 months, the occurrence of bleeding events and ischemic events were followed up in the two groups. Results The platelet aggregation rate of Ticagrelor group was significantly 14.09% lower than that of the Clopidogrel group ((35.92±7.57)% vs (41.81±9.56)%,P<0.05), but the platelet inhibition rate induced by ADP pathway was significantly higher than that of Clopidogrel group (1.22 fold)((65.73±11.69)% vs(53.67± 8.75)%,P<0.05). There was no significant difference in the level of serum AGE before treatment and in platelet inhibition rate induced by AA pathway between the two groups (P>0.05). After treatment the level of serum AGE in Ticagrelor group was significantly lower than that in Clopidogrel group (18.71 ± 3.14) mg/L vs (25.71 ± 4.01) mg/L, P<0.05). Pearson correlation analysis revealed that serum AGE levels were positively correlated with platelet aggregation (r=0.87, P<0.001) and negatively correlated with platelet inhibition (r=－0.95, P<0.001). There was no significant difference in bleeding events occurrence between the two groups after 6 months of treatment. However, the appearance of ischemic events in the Ticagrelor group was significantly lower than that in the Clopidogrel group (8.33% vs 18.33%, P<0.05). Conclusion Compared with Clopidogrel, Ticagrelor can significantly reduce platelet aggregation within one week after PCI and incidence of ischemic events within six months after PCI, and serum AGE may be the key node of this process.

Abstract:Aim To investigate the effects of zopiclone on patients of typeⅠessential hypertension combined with dyssomnia and explore its mechanism of action. Methods Patients with essential hypertension combined with dyssomnia were included and randomly assigned in two groups:non-drug treatment of patients were provided with lifestyle management advices including control of salt intake, physical exercise, prohibiting use of cigarettes and alcohols and improving food diversity; patients in the zopiclone group were given zopiclone along with the same lifestyle advices. The Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PQSI), blood pressures (BPs), plasma renin activity (PRA), blood concentration of angiotension Ⅱ (AngⅡ) and aldosterone (ALD) before and after the treatment were compared. Results Zopiclone showed significant course-dependent effect of lowering PSQI and improving quality of sleep (P<0.05, P<0.01, respectively), the outcome of the zopiclone group was better than non-drug group (P<0.001). After 6 weeks’ therapy, SBP and DBP of the zopiclone group patients were lower than the non-drug group (P<0.05, P<0.01). Meanwhile, improvements in PRA, AngⅡ and ALD were more significant as well compared to the non-drug group (P<0.05, P<0.01). Conclusion Zopiclone is effective in controlling the blood pressures of patients with typeⅠessential hypertension combined with dyssomnia, and deactivating RAAS by improving sleep-disorder is possibly involved in its effects.

Abstract:Aim To investigate the relationship between serum levels of fibroblast growth factor 23 (FGF-23), Klotho protein and carotid atherosclerosis in non-dialysis patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) 2-5 stage. Methods 126 CKD 2-5 stage patients were involved in the study. Carotid intima-media thickness (CIMT) was measured by color Doppler ultrasonography. The patients were divided into CIMT thickening group and CIMT normal group according to CIMT. Serum levels of FGF-23 and Klotho protein were determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, and the general data and clinical biochemical indexes were collected. The relative indexes of the two groups were compared, and the correlation between FGF-23, Klotho protein and carotid atherosclerosis was analyzed. Unconditional Logistic regression analysis was used for multivariate analysis of CIMT influencing factors. Results The serum FGF-23 level in CIMT thickening group was significantly higher than that in CIMT normal group (435.39±221.20 vs 360.22±194.26, P＜0.05), and the level of Klotho protein was significantly lower than that in CIMT normal group (446.54±132.49 vs 499.36±121.38, P＜0.05). Multivariate stepwise regression analysis showed that Klotho protein was an independent protective factor for CIMT thickening in patients with CKD (OR＝1.086, P＜0.05), while age increase and FGF-23 were independent risk factors for CIMT thickening in patients with CKD (OR＝1.075, P＜0.05; OR＝1.238, P＜0.05). Conclusion CIMT thickening is related to FGF-23 and Klotho proteins in non-dialysis patients with CKD 2-5 stage. FGF-23 and Klotho protein play an important role in the occurrence and development of carotid atherosclerosis.

Abstract:Aim The purpose of this study was to explore the influence of serum non-high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (non-HDLC) on neurologic impairment in patients with acute ischemic stroke and its clinical value in disease risk assessment. Methods A total of 611 cases of acute ischemic stroke patients were recruited in this study. NIHSS(National Institute of Health stroke scale), CSS(China Stroke scale), ESS(Europe Stroke Scale) and BI(Barthel Index) were used to evaluate the degree of neurologic impairments. Fasting plasma glucose(FPG), hypersensitive c-reactive protein(hs-CRP), glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c), homocysteine (Hcy), total cholesterol (TC), triglyceride (TG), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDLC) and low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDLC) were measured in all the patients. Then the density of non-HDLC were calculated with the formula of TC minus HDLC. Results Patients with high level of serum non-HDLC had bigger body mass index, higher NIHSS, CSS and BI scores, lower ESS and elevated TC, TG, LDLC, Hcy, FPG, HbA1c, lower HDLC levels. The NIHSS scores changed corresponding with serum non-HDLC level in acute ischemic stroke patients, the total scores of NIHSS, CSS were positively correlated with the serum non-HDLC level, and the total scores of ESS, and BI were negatively correlated with it. High serum level of non-HDLC was an independent risk factor for neurologic impairment in patients with acute ischemic stroke, when serum non-HDLC elevated to borderline high level, the risk of neurologic impairment significantly increased. Conclusion Increased serum non-HDLC level was an independent risk factor of neurologic impairment in patients with acute cerebral ischemia, it would be an effective indicator, and target of the prevention and treatment as well, of risk prediction for neurologic impairment in patients with acute cerebral ischemia.

Abstract:Aim To investigate the relationship among thyroid hormone levels, the severity of coronary artery disease and cardiac function in type 2 diabetic patients with normal thyroid function. Methods 415 patients with coronary heart disease (CHD) were diagnosed by coronary angiography. 131 cases were accompanied with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM group) while 284 cases were not (control group). Biochemical indices, thyroid hormone levels were measured and Gensini scores were calculated. Color Doppler examination was followed to evaluate cardiologic parameters, cardiac function and intima-media thickness (IMT). All the type 2 diabetic patients were divided into≤15 Gensini score group (n＝34), 16～42 Gensini score group (n＝33) and ≥43 Gensini score group (n＝64), the above indicators were measured. Multiple linear regression was performed to analyze the relationship between hyroid hormone levels and Gensini score. ResultsT2DM group had higher Gensini score, heart rate, FBG, HbA1c,TG, BUN, MPV, IMT, LVDd and LVPWT than control group with statistically significant differences, while the blood level of FT3, LVEF were significantly decreased (P all＜0.05).FT3 was significantly decreased in contrast to the increment of Gensini score (P＜0.05). FT3 was significantly lower in ≥43 Gensini score group than that in ≤15 Gensini score group. Multiple linear regression analysis demonstrated that HbA1c, Cr, ALT, TG, LDLC and TSH were the independent risk factors for Gensini score. TSH was negatively correlated with E/A (r＝－0.128, P＝0.013), FT4 was positively correlated with IMT (r＝0.113, P＜0.05). Conclusion TSH could be used as an independent risk factor for the severity of CHD. FT3 level is not related to the severity of CHD, but type 2 diabetic patients with low FT3 level should attach importance to cardiovascular events.

Abstract:Aim To explore the relationship between lipoprotein-associated phospholipase A2 (Lp-PLA2) levels and carotid atherosclerotic plaque in patients with acute cerebral infarction (ACI). Methods A total of 82 ACI patients from June 2013 to October 2014 in our hospital were selected as cerebral infarction group, and a total of 82 healthy people were selected as control group. The total carotid atherosclerotic plaque score were tested by color Doppler ultrasound. The serum Lp-PLA2 levels were detected by ELISA. The relationship between serum Lp-PLA2 levels and acute cerebral infarction size, carotid atherosclerotic plaque Crouse score in patients were analyzed by Spearman correlation. Results The Lp-PLA2, hs-CRP, TG, TC and LDLC levels in infarction patients were significantly higher than those in control group, HDLC levels were significantly lower than that in control group (P＜0.05). Crouse score, Lp-PLA2 levels had significant differences among the three groups of carotid atherosclerotic plaque block grade Ⅰ, Ⅱ, Ⅲ. Lp-PLA2 levels increased with the grade and the degree of injury (P＜0.05). Lp-PLA2 levels was positively correlated to Crouse score, infarct size (r＝0.823 and r＝0.879, all P＜0.05). Conclusion It shows that Lp-PLA2 levels and atherosclerotic cerebral infarction are closely related, Lp-PLA2 levels may reflect carotid atherosclerotic plaque and infarct size, which can be used as predictors of cerebral infarction.

Abstract:Aim To investigate the relationship of each white blood cells (WBC) subtype with neurologic severity and outcome in acute stroke. Methods 779 patients with first-ever acute cerebral infarction within 72 h after symptom onset were included. The study investigated the association between counts for WBC subtypes in peripheral blood at admission and initial stroke severity, early change in stroke severity within one week and functional outcome at three months. Results Higher total WBC and neutrophil counts were associated with more severe stroke at admission (P<0.001). In contrast, lower lymphocyte counts were associated with a lesser improvement during the first week after admission (P<0.05) and with poor functional outcome at three months (OR=0.706, P=0.020). Conclusion It showed that neutrophil and lymphocyte counts, which were measured at admission in acute cerebral infarction, have different predictive values for prognosis.

Abstract:Aim To assess the bleeding complications caused by preventing or treating of aspirin and clopidogrel for ischemic stroke (IS). Methods The databases including PubMed, EMBase, The Cochrane Library, CBM, CNKI, VIP and Wang Fang Data were retrieved by using computer, and retrieval was from the database building until September 2016. The randomized controlled trials (RCT) were collected on aspirin and clopidogrel to prevent or treat IS and causing bleeding complications. The Meta analysis was carried out by RevMan 5.2 software after 2 researchers independently conducted literature screening, data extraction and quality evaluation. Results A total of 13 RCTs, including 5204 patients, were enrolled. Meta analysis showed:(1)In the prevention of IS, compared with clopidogrel, aspirin did not increase the risks of mucocutaneous and gingival bleeding, but increased the risk of gastrointestinal bleeding; Compared with aspirin alone, aspirin and clopidogrel combination increased gastrointestinal response. (2)In the treatment of IS, compared with clopidogrel, aspirin did not increase the risks of mucocutaneous, gingival bleeding and gastrointestinal bleeding, without increasing gastrointestinal response; Compared with aspirin alone, the combination of aspirin and clopidogrel did not increase the risks of skin, mucous membranes, gums, digestive tract and brain hemorrhage, and did not increase the gastrointestinal response. Conclusion In the prevention of IS, aspirin can increase the risk of gastrointestinal bleeding when compared with clopidogrel, and the combination of aspirin and clopidogrel can increase gastrointestinal response when compared with aspirin alone.

Abstract:Hyperlipidemia can damage the brain tissue, by stimulating inflammatory response, enhancing oxidative stress damage and inducting the deposition of amyloid in the brain. It can also interfere with the effect of injury (anti-injury) by generating (inhibiting) excitability of neurotransmitter and interfering with the balance of the Ca²＋. This review discusses the relationship between hyperlipidemia, brain damage and neurotransmitters according to the recent reports.

Abstract:The formation and inhibited emigration of foam cells are the key events in malignant remodeling of artery plaques. Advanced glycation end products (AGE) play an important role in the course of diabetes-accelerating atherosclerotic progression. Based on the latest international research progress and our existing results, this paper elaborated the mechanism of CD36 modulating foam cell emigration from plaques inhibited by Nε-carboxymethyl-Lysine, which would provide a new starting point for the treatment strategy of targeting foam cell migration mechanism in the future.

Abstract:The endoplasmic reticulum stress(ERS) has emerged as a factor that is relevant to a number of systemic and arterial-wall factors that promote atherosclerosis(As). Prolonged activation of ERS pathway known as the unfolded protein response (UPR) can lead to cell pathology and subsequent tissue dysfunction. There is now ample evidence that the UPR is chronically activated in atherosclerotic lesional cells, particularly advanced lesional macrophages and endothelial cells. The stressors in advanced lesions that can lead to prolonged activation of the UPR include oxidative stress, oxysterols, and high levels of intracellular cholesterol and saturated fatty acids. These arterial-wall stressors may be especially prominent in the settings of obesity, insulin resistance, and diabetes, all of which promote the clinical progression of As. While exciting work over the last decade has begun to shed light on the mechanisms and in vivo relevance of ERS-driven As, much more work is needed to fully understand this area and to enable an informed approach to therapeutic translation.

Abstract:Atherosclerosis is a chronic inflammatory disease related to dyslipidemia, hypertension, smoking, obesity and other factors. Necroptosis is a regulated form of necrosis, playing a major role in pathological process of inflammation. Recent studies have suggested that necroptosis contributes to advanced atherosclerosis, which may provide a framework for understanding the clinical benefits and therapeutic potential to atherosclerosis of researching and manipulating necroptosis.

Abstract:A soluble glycoprotein, termed osteoprotegerin, is a novel member of the tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily. Recent studies have shown that osteoprotegerin is not only involved in bone metabolism, but also closely related to energy metabolism in vivo, glycolipid metabolism. And it is closely related to atherosclerosis and glycolipid metabolism disorders, cardiovascular and microvascular diseases. It is not clear that the mechanism is involved in the occurrence and progression of atherosclerosis by regulating glucose and lipid metabolism, endothelial function, inhibiting vascular calcification, inhibiting inflammation, inhibiting apoptosis and so on.