Abstract:Aim To investigate the effects of Ezrin gene knockout on calpain-1 activity and adenosine triphosphate binding cassette transporter A1(ABCA1) protein levels in RAW264.7 cells. Methods RAW264.7 cells transfected with small interfering RNA (siRNA) targeting Ezrin were subject to real time PCR and Western blot to detect the inhibition ratio. Added with angiotension Ⅱ(AngⅡ) or AngⅡ+ Ezrin siRNA, calpain-1 protein expression and activity were determined by using Western blot. Then, the expression of ABCA1 protein was examined by Western blot after the treatment with AngⅡ,Ezrin siRNA, calpain inhibitor N-acetyl-L-leucyl-L-leucyl-L-norleucine (ALLN). Results Ezrin mRNA and protein expression in Ezrin siRNA groups were inhibited(P<0.05). The calpain-1 expression were upregulated by AngⅡ treatment (4.92±0.23 vs 1.00±0.17, P<0.05), which were reversed by Ezrin siRNA (0.23±0.21 vs 4.92±0.23, P<0.05). Therefore, the ABCA1 protein expression was inhibited by addition of AngⅡ(0.167±0.055 vs 0.732±0.072), which were reversed by Ezrin siRNA (0.611±0.048 vs 0.167±0.055, P<0.05). There were no statistically significant differences at ABCA1 protein levels between AngⅡ+Ezrin siRNA group and AngⅡ+Ezrin siRNA+ALLN group. Conclusion Ezrin might play an important role in AngⅡ-induced ABCA1 protein attenuation via calpain-1 pathway.

Abstract:Aim To observe the effect of Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway on cerebral ischemia-reperfusion (CIR) injury by regulating the autophagy level of rat cortical neurons. Methods 56 male SD rats were randomly divided into 4 groups:sham operation group (Sham group), CIR group, Wnt/β-catenin agonist lithium chloride (LiCl) treatment group (LiCl＋CIR group), normal saline (NS) treatment group (NS＋CIR group), 14 rats in each group. Rat CIR damage model was established by middle cerebral artery occlusion with line embolus, with reperfusion 24 hours after ischemia 2 hours. Garcia neurological deficit score was used to evaluate the neurobehavioral changes of rats in each group.Cerebral infarction volume was measured by triphenyltetrazolium chloride staining. The expressions of β-catenin, LC3-Ⅱ and P62 proteins in rat cortex was detected by Western blot. Results After reperfusion for 24 h, compared with Sham group, the neurobehavioral score increased, the cerebral infarction volume increased, the cortical expression of β-catenin decreased, the cortical expression of LC3-Ⅱ increased, and the expression of P62 protein decreased in CIR group (P＜0.05). Compared with CIR group, the neurobehavioral score decreased, the cerebral infarction volume decreased, the cortical expression of β-catenin increased, the cortical expression of LC3-Ⅱ decreased, and the expression of P62 protein increased in LiCl＋CIR group (P＜0.05). Conclusion Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway can improve the nerve injury by regulating autophagy in CIR rats.

Abstract:Aim To explore the effect of anti-inflammation cytokine interleukin-37 (IL-37) on the expressions of nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) and intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) activated by Toll-like receptor-4 (TLR4) in human coronary artery endothelial cells (HCAECs) and its mechanism. Methods After 3-5 generations of HCAECs culture, the experiment was carried out and divided into 3 groups:the control group, the IL-37 interference group and the IL-37 overexpression group. The IL-37 interference sequence was added into the IL-37 interference group and the IL-37 DNA overexpressed plasmid was added to the IL-37 overexpression group by liposome transfection. After incubation of 24 hours, the gene transfection efficiency was detected by real-time fluorescence quantitative PCR to determine the success of transfection. Each group was given TLR4 activator lipopolysaccharide (200 μg/L) for intervention. Western blot was used to detect the expression of ICAM-1 protein after intervention of 24 hours and the expressions of phosphorylated NF-κB protein at 0,0, 120 minutes after intervention. Results The expression of ICAM-1 protein increased after TLR4 activation in the control group. Compared with the control group, the ICAM-1 protein increased significantly after TLR4 activation in the IL-37 interference group (P＜0.05), but did not increase in the IL-37 overexpression group (P＞0.05). Compared with the control group, the expression of NF-κB protein was significantly increased at 0,0 and 120 minutes after TLR4 activation in the IL-37 interference group (P＜0.05), but the expression of phosphorylated NF-κB protein was not significantly elevated in the IL-37 overexpression group (P＞0.05). Conclusion IL-37 can inhibit the increase of inflammatory factor ICAM-1 by TLR4 activation in HCAECs, and its mechanism may be through the inhibition of the degree of NF-κB phosphorylation. The anti-inflammatory effect of IL-37 can prevent atherosclerosis.

Abstract:Aim To investigate the effects of resveratrol (Res) on SRIT1 and NADPH oxidase-p47 protein (NOX-p47) expressions, and mechanisms of Res inhibiting rat thoracic aorta smooth muscle cells proliferation induced by high glucose. Methods Vascular smooth muscle cell (VSMC) lines A7r5 were used. VSMC proliferation was evaluated by MTT assay and cell counting. The cell cycle was examined by flow cytometry. The SRIT1 and NOX-p47 protein expressions were also evaluated by Western blot. Results High glucose increased cell proliferation in rat VSMC, induced cell transition from the G0/G1 phase to the S phase, increased NOX-p47 protein expression and decreased SRIT1 expression. Res (5,0, 100 μmol/L) significantly inhibited transition of cultured VSMC from G0/G1 phase to the S phases in a concentration-dependent manner, up-regulated SIRT1 expression and decreased expression of NOX-p47 protein induced by high glucose. Conclusion Under high glucose concentrations, Res significantly inhibited VSMC proliferation by arresting cell cycle by down-regulating the protein expression of NOX-p47 and up-regulating the SIRT1 protein expression, suggesting its protective role against type 2 diabetic macrovascular disease.

Abstract:Aim To investigate the effect of modified Zhishi Xiebai Guizhi decoction (Zhishi, Xiebai, Sanqi, Renshen, etc.) on the expression of aquaporin (AQP) in myocardial tissue of ischemia-reperfusion rats and its possible mechanism. Methods 52 SD rats were randomly divided into 4 groups:sham operation group (n＝10), model group (n＝14), Zhishi Xiebai Guizhi decoction group (ZXGD group, n＝14) and modified Zhishi Xiebai Guizhi decoction group (mZXGD group, n＝14). Left anterior descending coronary artery was ligated after 14 days of intragastric administration, and the myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury model was established according to the method of ischemia 30 minutes and reperfusion 120 minutes. Changes of serum lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and cardiac troponin I (cTnI) were detected by automatic biochemical analyzer. Change of cardiac histopathology was observed by HE staining. The levels of plasma adenylate cyclase (AC) and cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) were detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Immunohistochemical staining was used to detect the positioning expressions of AQP1 and AQP4 in myocardial tissue.AQP1 and AQP4 mRNA expressions in myocardial tissue was detected by real-time fluorescence quantitative PCR. Western blot was used to detect protein expressions of protein kinase A (PKA), phosphorylated PKA (P-PKA), cAMP-response element binding protein (CREB), phosphorylated CREB (P-CREB), AQP1 and AQP4 in myocardial tissue. Results Compared with sham operation group, the contents of serum LDH, cTnI and plasma AC, cAMP were increased (P＜0.01), and the expressions of P-PKA, P-CREB, AQP1, AQP4 mRNAs and proteins in myocardial tissue were increased (P＜0.01), in model group. Compared with model group, the contents of serum LDH, cTnI and plasma AC, cAMP were decreased (P＜0.01), and the expressions of P-PKA, AQP1, AQP4 mRNAs and proteins in myocardial tissue were decreased (P＜0.01), in ZXGD group and mZXGD group. Compared with ZXGD group, the contents of serum LDH, cTnI and plasma AC, cAMP were decreased (P＜0.01), and the expressions of P-PKA, AQP1, AQP4 mRNAs and proteins in myocardial tissue were decreased (P＜0.01), in mZXGD group. Conclusion Modified Zhishi Xiebai Guizhi decoction can improve the pathological damage of myocardial cells after ischemia-reperfusion, and its mechanism may be related to down-regulating the AC/cAMP pathway and inhibiting AQP1, AQP4 mRNAs and proteins expression.

Abstract:Aim To investigate pathway mechanism about transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1) activated cardiomyocyte hypertrophy. Methods Fresh isolated neonatal rat cardiomyocytes induced by TGF-β1 were used to examine formation of cell pathway. p-Smad2, Smad2, Smad2/3, p15 and c-Myc proteins were measured by Western blot. Cardiomyocyte hypertrophy was measured by PI statining and RNA expressions by real-time PCR. Smad signal pathway expression and it's related protein expression were induced by TGF-β1 and siRNA interference. Results TGF-β1 could induce the expression of hypertrophic gene in cultured cardiomyocytes in vitro, and the expression of β-MHC was significantly higher than that of the control group (P＜0.01). The content of RNA in TGF-β1 group was significantly increased by PI staining (P ＜0.01). Compared with the control group, TGF-β1 significantly increased the expression of p15 and c-Myc in p-Smad2, Smad2, Smad2/3 and Smad pathway (P＜0.01). The expression of p15 of Smad2 siRNA group was less than that of TGF-β1 group (P＜0.01). Conclusion TGF-β1 may induce cardiomyocyte hypertrophy through the Smad protein pathway, and in this process the expression of p15 is increased.

Abstract:Aim To observe the effect of IMD on ischemia-reperfusion induced myocardial apoptosis in diabetic rats and to explore its possible mechanism. Methods A total of 74 healthy male SD rats were randomly divided into diabetic group (50 rats) and non-diabetic group (24 rats) after one week of adaptive feeding. The non-diabetic group was given intraperitoneal injection of citric acid buffer, and diabetic group was established by intraperitoneal injection of streptozotocin. The myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury model was prepared by blocking the left anterior descending branch of rat coronary artery. In the non-diabetic group, 24 rats were randomly divided into control group and ischemia-reperfusion (NIR) group. In the diabetic group, 36 rats of diabetes models were successfully established, and randomly divided into diabetic control group, diabetic ischemia-reperfusion (DIR) group and IMD group, 12 rats in each group. The morphological changes of myocardial cells were observed by light microscope, the ultrastructure of heart was observed by electron microscope, the apoptosis rate of cardiomyocytes was detected by TUNEL, the protein expression of Caspase-3, Bcl-2 and Bax was detected by Western blot. Results Ischemia-reperfusion could be observed under light microscope. The changes of myocardial cell injury in DIR group were more severe than those in the corresponding control group. The degree of degeneration and necrosis in IMD group was significantly lower than that in DIR group. Under electron microscope, the myocardial cell injury in NIR group and DIR group was more severe than that in the corresponding control group. The ultrastructure of myocardial tissue, especially mitochondrial damage in IMD group was significantly reduced compared with that in DIR group. The apoptosis rate in NIR group and DIR group was significantly higher than that in the corresponding control group (P＜0.05), and the apoptosis rate in IMD group was significantly lower than that in NIR group (P＜0.05). The protein expression of Caspase-3, Bax and Bcl-2 in NIR group and DIR group was statistically and significantly different from that in the corresponding control group (P＜0.05), the protein expression of Caspase-3, Bax and Bcl-2 in IMD group was statistically and significantly different from that in DIR group (P＜0.05). Conclusion IMD has protective effect on myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury in diabetic rats, and its protective effect may be related to the reduction of cardiomyocyte apoptosis by IMD.

Abstract:Aim To investigate the changes of ocular arterial hemodynamics in transient monocular vision loss (TMVL) and the characteristics of internal carotid artery stenosis. Methods Retrospective case control study was adopted. 30 patients’ clinical information diagnosed as TMVL was collected. At the same time, clinical data of normal volunteers was collected as control group. Ultrasonic examination of the ophthalmic artery, central retinal artery and posterior ciliary artery were used to detect peak systolic velocity (PSV), end of diastolic velocity (EDV), resistance index (RI) and pulsatility index(PI). Head and neck CTA was used to examine the stenosis of intracranial internal carotid artery. Results PSV of the ophthalmic artery was significantly decreased in TMVL group compared with the control group (28.40±3.69 cm/s vs 32.58±2.75 cm/s, P=0.000), EDV was significantly decreased in TMVL group compared with the control group (6.10±1.70 cm/s vs 7.35±1.49 cm/s, P=0.001). PSV of the central retinal artery was significantly decreased in TMVL group compared with the control group(8.38±1.68 cm/s vs 9.92±2.30 cm/s, P=0.005), EDV was significantly decreased in TMVL group compared with the control group(2.35±0.80 cm/s vs 2.88±0.62 cm/s, P=0.007). PSV of the posterior ciliary artery was significantly decreased in TMVL group compared with the control group(10.01±2.25 cm/s vs 11.43±1.69 cm/s, P=0.008),EDV was significantly decreased in TMVL group compared with the control group(3.30±1.16 cm/s vs 4.14±1.06 cm/s, P=0.006). There was no significant difference in the RI and PI of the TMVL group in the ophthalmic artery, the central retinal artery and the posterior ciliary artery, compared with the normal control group. The proportion of patients with moderate or severe stenosis of internal carotid artery was significantly higher in TMVL group than that of control group (63.33% vs 10.00%,P=0.000). Conclusion The ocular blood flow is significantly lower in TMVL group than that of the control group. The probability of carotid stenosis is significantly higher in TMVL group than that of the control group.

Abstract:Aim To observe the regulation of GTP cyclohydrolase I (GTPCH I)/tetrahydrobiopterin (BH4) pathway on function of endothelial progenitor cells in hypertensive patients. Methods Nineteen hypertensive patients and nineteen healthy volunteers were observed. Endothelial progenitor cells were isolated from peripheral blood, cultured and identified. The in-vitro migration, proliferation, adhesion activity and in-vivo reendothelialization function of endothelial progenitor cells were detected. The model of arterial injury in nude mice was established and endothelial progenitor cells from hypertensive patients and healthy volunteers were transplanted to evaluate the reendothelialization capacity of endothelial progenitor cells. In addition, the mRNA expression of GTPCH I/BH4, and the expression of nitric oxide (NO), cyclic guanosine monophosphate, and thrombospondin-1 (TSP-1) mRNA levels of endothelial progenitor cells were measured. Furthermore, RNA interfection, gene transfection and drug inhibition of GTPCH I/BH4 were carried out to demonstrate its role in the regulation of endothelial progenitor cell function. Results The in-vitro migration, proliferation, adhesion activity and in-vivo reendothelialization function of endothelial progenitor cells were significantly decreased in hypertensive patients. In parallel, the expression of GTPCH I/BH4, NO and cyclic guanosine monophosphate of endothelial progenitor cells were reduced, while the TSP-1 mRNA level was elevated. When blocking the GTPCH I/BH4 pathway, the in-vitro migration, proliferation, adhesion activity and in-vivo reendothelialization function of endothelial progenitor cells from hypertensive patient and healthy volunteers were both weakened. Conclusion This study revealed that GTPCH I/BH4 pathway regulates the in-vitro and in-vivo function of endothelial progenitor cells from hypertensive patients, via regulation of TSP-1 and soluble guanylyl cyclases/cyclic guanosine monophosphate system.

Abstract:Aim To study the flow mediated dilation (FMD) of brachial artery at different time points before and after parturition in patients with severe preeclampsia. Methods 49 cases of severe preeclampsia (study group) were examined by high-frequency color Doppler ultrasonography before parturition (28-40 weeks of pregnancy), and 1,6, 24 weeks after parturition, and the right brachial artery FMD was detected. 60 cases of healthy childbearing women was as the control group. The internal diameter (D1) and blood flow (Q1) of right brachial artery, and the internal diameter (D2) and blood flow (Q2) after reactive hyperemia were measured at resting state. The vessel diameter change rate (△D%) and the blood flow change rate (△Q%) were calculated. Results Before parturition, and at different time points (1,6, 24 weeks) after parturition, the △D% and △Q% of the study group were lower than those of the control group (P＜0.001). There were no significant differences in △D% and △Q% inside the study group before parturition, and at different time points after parturition (1,6, 24 weeks) (P＞0.05). Conclusion Patients with severe preeclampsia have FMD damage before parturition and continue to post parturition, and there is no obvious recovery and improvement for the 24 weeks after parturition.

Abstract:Aim To explore the relationship between the TG/HDLC ratio and in-hospital MACE in acute coronary syndrome (ACS) after percutaneous coronary intervention(PCI). Methods A total of 214 ACS patients receiving primary PCI admitted in our hospital from January 2014 to January 2015 were enrolled in this study. Multivariate analysis was conducted to assess whether TG/HDLC ratio was the independent predictor for in-hospital MACE occurrence.And the subjects were divided into three groups according to TG/HDLC ratio. The differences OR of in-hospital MACE between low TG/HDLC ratio group (n＝66), middle TG/HDLC ratio group (n＝74)and high TG/HDLC ratio group (n＝74) were compared. Results After adjusting for age, smoking, hypertension, diabetes, and severity of angiographic coronary disease by the multivariate Logistic regression model, the LogTG/HDLC ratio was the independent risk factor for in-hospital MACE(OR=6.0,5%CI was 1.90~25.06, P=0.003). ACS patients with the higest tertile of TG/HDLC ratio exhibited multivariable-adjusted OR of 3.27 for in-hospital MACE compared with ACS patients with the lowest quartile of TG/HDLC ratio. Conclusion The TG/HDLC ratio is a powerful independent predictor of MACE.

Abstract:Aim To investigate the relationship between nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-like receptor protein 3(NLRP3) inflammasome and coronary heart disease(CHD). Methods 60 CHD patients and 30 controls were recruited according to the inclusion criteria. The clinical data including sex, age, smoking history, body mass index(BMI), mean artery pressure(MAP), fasting plasma glucose(FPG), glycosylated hemoglobin(HbA1c) and blood lipids were collected for analysis. The transcription and expression of NLRP3, apoptosis-associated speck-like protein containing CARD (ASC) and caspase-1 mRNA as well as protein in peripheral blood mononuclear cells(PBMC) in all the groups were evaluated by real-time qPCR and Western blot respectively, and the levels of plasma interleukin-1β(IL-1β) and interleukin-18(IL-18) in all the groups were detected by ELISA assay. All data were analyzed by SPSS20.0 software. Results The expression levels of the ASC mRNA, NLRP3, ASC, caspase-1 in PBMC and plasma IL-1β, IL-18 in CHD group were significantly higher than those in the control group (P＜0.05). The NLRP3, ASC, caspase-1 and their mRNA were evaluated with the Spearman correlation coefficient analysis in each group respectively, both NLRP3 mRNA and caspase-1 mRNA were positively correlated with IL-18 in CHD group, with the correlation coefficients of 0.327 (P=0.011) and 0.274(P=0.031)respectively; ASC were positively correlated with age, IL-18 and IL-1β in CHD group, with the correlation coefficients of 0.370(P=0.024), 0.403(P=0.027) and 0.467(P=0.009) respectively; caspase-1 were positively correlated with smoking and IL-18 in CHD group, with the correlation coefficients of 0.613(P=0.000)and 0.414 (P=0.023) respectively. Conclusion NLRP3-ASC-Caspase-1-IL-1β/IL-18 signal pathway centered on the NLRP3 inflammasome may play an important role in the occurrence and development of CHD.

Abstract:Aim To evaluate the occurrence of carotid atherosclerosis in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) by vascular echo tracking (ET) technique. Methods From January 2016 to May 7,0 RA patients (test group) in our hospital were selected, and 100 healthy persons for physical examination in the same period were selected as control group. Carotid elastic parameters, such as pressure-strain elastic modulus (Ep), stiffness parameter (β), one-point pulse wave velocity (PWV beta), augmentation index (AI) and arterial compliance (AC) were measured by vascular ET technology in the two groups. Carotid intima-media thickness (IMT) and plaque conditions were examined in the two groups. Results The indexes of Ep, β, PWVβ and AI in the test group were significantly higher than those in the control group, while the AC in the test group was significantly lower than that in the control group; The differences were statistically significant (P＜0.05). The carotid IMT in the test group was significantly higher than that in the control group (P＜0.05). The ratio of carotid atherosclerotic plaque in the test group (4.55%) was significantly higher than that in the control group (0.00%) (χ²＝4.656, P＝0.031). Conclusion Before the imaging features change of vascular wall morphology and structure, vascular ET technology can be used to evaluate the changes of carotid elasticity parameters in RA patients, which can reflect the condition of vascular elasticity and provide help for preventing carotid atherosclerosis in RA patients.

Abstract:Aim To investigate the preventive and therapeutic effects of safflower yellow on acute and subacute in-stent thrombosis (IST) after emergency PCI in advanced age patients with ST-elevated myocardial infarction (STEMI). Methods A total of 786 STEMI patients were enrolled from April 2009 to March 2017, and randomly divided into the study group (388 cases) and the control group (398 cases), the study group was treated with safflower yellow on the basis of routine treatment in the control group. Fasting venous blood were taken to detect platelet activating factor (PAF) in all patients at 1,3, 10 and 30 days after PCI. IST events and hemorrhagic events were monitored within 30 days after PCI.Results Compared with the control group, the study group had a significantly decreased level of the serum PAF at 1,3 and 10 days after PCI. 15 cases (3.9%) occurred acute and subacute IST in the control group and 5 cases (1.3%) occurred acute and subacute IST in the study group, there was significant difference in the incidence of IST between the two groups (χ²＝4.948, P＝0.026). Bleeding events occurred in 5 cases (1.3%) of the study group and 7 cases (1.8%)of the control group, there was no significant difference in the incidence of bleeding events between the two groups (χ²＝0.522, P＝0.770). Conclusion Safflower yellow can prevent the occurrence of acute and subacute IST in advanced age patients with STEMI after emergency PCI and does not significantly increase the bleeding event. Safflower yellow is worth applying in clinical practice furtherly.

Abstract:Aim To investigate the effect of rosuvastatin calcium combined with metformin on coronary artery stent restenosis after coronary intervention in patients with coronary heart disease (CHD). Methods 218 patients with coronary artery disease after stenting were divided into observation group (109 cases) and control group (109 cases) according to the random number table method. The control group were treated with rosuvastatin calcium 20 mg and routine treatment, the observation group was treated with rosuvastatin calcium (20 mg) combined with metformin (250 mg, Bid) on the basis of conventional treatment, after 1 year of treatment, coronary stent restenosis rate and the incidence of abnormal blood glucose were compared between the two groups. Results Coronary artery stent restenosis rate was 2.9% (3/103) and 12.0% (12/100), new onset diabetes ratio was 5.8% (6/103) and 15.0% (15/100), new onset diabetes impaired were 4.9%(5/103) and 18.0%(18/100) in patients of observation group and control group, the difference was statistically significant (P＜0.05). The blood lipid compliance rate of the observation group was significantly higher than that of the control group(56.0% vs 43.0%), especially TG, the difference was statistically significant compared with the control group(P＜0.01).Conclusion In patients with coronary heart disease after percutaneous coronary intervention, rosuvastatin combined with metformin can significantly reduce coronary artery stent restenosis rate, and does not increase the incidence of diabetes, hypoglycemia incidence. There was no significant difference in the effect on renal function compared with control group.

Abstract:Aim To understand the prevalence and risk factors of hypertension in the elderly residents in Shunqing district of Nanchong city, and provide basis for the prevention and treatment of hypertension. Methods Selecting the Shunqing district of Nanchong city community residents, aged 45 and above, using a face-to-face questionnaire survey, including living habits, chronic disease history, family history of chronic disease. At the same time, compeleting the physical examination and biochemical test by healthy workers who had undergone unified trainings. Results The morbidity, awareness rate, treatment rate and control rate of hypertension in Nanchong respectively were 37.8%, 48.1%, 42% and 18%. And the new morbidity was 24%, while according to the new American guidelines in 2017 was 69.59%. Age (OR＝1.047), overweight (OR＝1.5), obesity (OR＝1.911), central obesity (OR＝1.208), smoking (OR＝1.238), short sleep (OR＝1.105), long sleep (OR＝1.261), diabetes (OR＝1.341), dyslipidemia (OR＝1.268), coronary heart disease (OR＝1.57), stroke (OR＝3.33), family history of hypertension (OR＝2.155) and family history of stroke (OR＝1.367) were closely related to the prevalence of hypertension. Conclusion The characteristics of hypertension in the residents aged 45 and above in Nanchong community were high morbidity, and low awareness rate, treatment rate and control rate. The age, overweight, obesity, central obesity, smoking, short sleep duration, long sleep duration, diabetes mellitus, dyslipidemia, coronary heart disease, stroke, familial history of hypertension, familial history of stroke are independent risk factors of hypertension. It was of great significance to strengthen the prevention and control of hypertension among community residents.

Abstract:Recently, some studies have found that metallothionein 2A (MT2A) is an important antioxidant stress molecule. MT2A gene polymorphism is closely related to coronary heart disease and atherosclerosis. MT2A has the effect of reducing cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury and protecting the myocardium. The effect of MT2A on cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases includes inflammation, oxidative stress, apoptosis and endothelial function. This article reviews the relationship between MT2A and cardiovascular, cerebrovascular diseases.

Abstract:Diabetic macrovascular disease is a complication of diabetes,with the highest incidence,the most harmful and the highest death rate. Subclinical hypothyroidism (SCH) is defined as a plasma thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) level above the institutional reference range combined with a plasma free thyroxine (FT4) or free triiodothyronine (FT3) level. In recent years, domestic studies have shown that elevated TSH can be used as an independent risk factor for atherosclerosis (As) through a variety of ways to promote the development of As, and thus participate in the progress of diabetic macroangiopathy. This article reviews the association between SCH and atherosclerosis in diabetic patients by summarizing the relevant literature.

Abstract:Strengthening the reverse cholesterol transport (RCT) has the anti-atherosclerotic effect. MicroRNA (miRNA) involves the regulation of many biological processes. Recent studies suggest that miRNA can control the ATP binding cassette transporter A1(ABCA1) and scavenger receptor class B type Ⅰ (SR-B Ⅰ) that belong to the critical protein of RCT. Currently, it has been found that many miRNAs can inhibit the levels of SR-B Ⅰ and ABCA1 protein expression, and then inhibiting the cholesterol efflux. This paper summarizes the miRNA that involves the negative regulation of RCT.