Abstract:The prevalence of cardiovascular and metabolic diseases is increasing all over the world, and the social and economic burden caused by it is increasing. It has become a major public health problem for mankind. In recent years, a large amount of evidence shows that proper exercise training can prevent and treat cardiovascular and metabolic diseases. This paper reviews the molecular mechanism and therapeutic value of exercise training in cardiovascular diseases such as pathological myocardial hypertrophy, myocardial infarction, cardiomyopathy, heart failure and atherosclerosis, and metabolic diseases such as obesity, diabetes and fatty liver, in order to provide evidence and ideas for further research on prevention and treatment of cardiovascular and metabolic diseases based on exercise training.

Abstract:Atherosclerosis (As) is a focal vascular disease that closely related to many injury factors such as endothelial inflammation, oxidative stress, and shear stress. More and more studies have shown that the risk of As is higher in a variety of non-cardiovascular diseases. This review summarizes the mechanism of As in respiratory system diseases, digestive system diseases, urinary and reproductive system diseases, autoimmune diseases and metabolic diseases from the perspective of endothelial inflammation and oxidative stress.

Abstract:Aim To investigate the relationship between conventional inflammatory markers and acute myocardial infarction (AMI) in patients with coronary heart disease. Methods The case-control study method was used to select the inpatients from August 2017 to February 2018 in China-Japan Friendship Hospital, among them, 99 patients with stable angina pectoris (SAP) were (60.4±10.4) years old, 96 patients with AMI aged (61.9±14.6) years old. 60 healthy people were collected as control group, aged (58.2±9.5) years old. Inflammatory markers were detected by automatic blood cell analyzer and biochemical analyzer, Logistic regression analysis was used to examine the correlation between inflammatory markers and AMI in patients with coronary heart disease, the prediction efficiency of each index was analyzed by ROC curve. Results Fasting blood glucose, total cholesterol (TC), low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDLC), white blood cell count (WBC), neutrophil count (NEUT), high sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) and homocysteine (Hcy) in AMI group were significantly higher than those in SAP group, while superoxide dismutase (SOD) was significantly lower than that in SAP group (P＜0.05). Logistic regression showed that serum SOD was negatively correlated with AMI (OR＝0.2,5%CI:0.932～0.973, P＜0.001), but WBC, NEUT and Hcy were positively correlated with AMI (OR＝1.1,5%CI:1.510～2.393, P＜0.001; OR＝2.9,5%CI:1.580～2.684, P＜0.001; OR＝1.1,5%CI:1.010～1.073, P＝0.008). ROC curve analysis showed that the area under curve (AUC) of AMI predicted by combined predictors was 0.836(95%CI:0.780～0.891, P＜0.001), and the AUC in patients with normal TC and LDLC was 0.852(95%CI:0.789～0.914, P＜0.001). Conclusions Increased levels of WBC, NEUT, Hcy and decreased level of serum SOD are risk factors for AMI. Establishment of combined predictors by conventional inflammatory markers is significant for the prediction of AMI in patients with coronary heart disease.

Abstract:Gasotransmitters are a class of endogenous signal transduction molecules with low-molecular weight, which can freely permeable to biological membranes of cells. As such, their intercellular and intracellular movements do not exclusively rely on membrane receptors or other transporters. Gasotransmitters have multiple molecular effects with a diversity of mechanisms, and researches of them have always been hotspots in the cardiovascular field. This review will introduce the research progressions of gasotransmitters in atherosclerosis, with emphasis on nitric oxide, carbon monoxide and hydrogen sulfide.

Abstract:Atherosclerosis is a complicated pathophysiological process characterized by the accumulation of atheromatous plaque in the arterial wall and subsequent narrowing of the arteries, and it is one of the major causes of the high mortality and disability in cardiovascular disease. The initiation and progression of atherosclerosis is a chronic degenerative process with complicated mechanisms involving multiple cells and molecules. Oxidative stress, a series of adaptive responses caused by the imbalance between reactive oxygen species and antioxidant system, is considered as one of the crucial mechanisms in the development of atherosclerosis. This review presents the relationship between oxidative stress and atherosclerosis from the perspective of the different sources of reactive oxygen species in the organism, summarizes the effects of oxidative stress on different cells, biomolecules and biological processes in atherosclerosis, and briefly describes the clinical research and applications of antioxidant agents in the treatment of atherosclerosis.

Abstract:Aim To investigate the effect of vitexin on hypoxia/reoxygenation (H/R)-induced myocardial cell injury and its regulatory relationship with FGD5-AS1. Methods Rat cardiomyocytes H9c2 were divided into control group, H/R group, H/R+vitexin L, M,Hü group, H/R+pcDNA group, H/R+pcDNA-FGD5-AS1 group, H/R+vitexin+si-NC group and H/R+vitexin+si-FGD5-AS1 group. Cell apoptosis was detected by flow cytometry, Caspase-3 and cleaved Caspase-3 protein expressions were detected by Western blot, and the activity of SOD and the content of MDA in cells were detected by kits. The expression of FGD5-AS1 was detected by RT-PCR. Results Compared with H/R group, the apoptosis rate of H/R+vitexin L, M,Hü groups was decreased by 13%, 25% and 48%, respectively; Caspase-3 protein expression was decreased by 21%, 38% and 56%, respectively; Cleaved Caspase-3 protein expression was decreased by 17%, 40% and 65%, respectively; And MDA content was decreased by 15%, 36% and 52%(P＜0.05); But the activity of SOD was increased by 0.8,2.73 and 3.86 times, and the expression of FGD5-AS1 was increased by 0.4,1.84 and 3.00 times (P＜0.05). Compared with H/R+pcDNA group, the apoptosis rate, Caspase-3 and cleaved Caspase-3 protein expressions and MDA content were decreased in H/R+pcDNA-FGD5-AS1 group by 60%, 70%, 74%, and 60%, respectively (P＜0.05), but the activity of SOD was increased by 4.04 times (P＜0.05). Compared with the H/R+vitexin+si-NC group, the apoptosis rate of H9c2 cells, the expressions of Caspase-3 and cleaved Caspase-3 protein and the content of MDA were increased in the H/R+vitexin+si-FGD5-AS1 group by 0.2,1.1,1.8,0.93 times (P＜0.05), but the activity of SOD was decreased by 67%(P＜0.05). Conclusion Vitexin could inhibit H/R-induced apoptosis and oxidative stress of H9c2 cells, and its mechanism may be related to the up-regulation of FGD5-AS1 expression in cells.

Abstract:Aim To investigate the effect of Crocin on hypoxia/reoxygenation injury of cortical neurons and its molecular mechanism. Methods The cortical neurons of SD rats were isolated and cultured, and the control group, model group, Crocin (50 mg/L) group, Crocin (50 mg/L)+lipopolysaccharide (TLR4 activator, 100 μg/L) group were set. The cortical neurons in control group were routinely cultured; the cortical neurons in model group were given hypoxia 4 h and reoxygenation 24 h; the cortical neurons in Crocin group and Crocin+lipopolysaccharide group were intervened for 24 h, and then the model was established. The neuronal viability and apoptosis rate were detected by CCK-8 method and Annexin V-FITC/PI double staining method. The levels of inflammatory factors in the culture medium were detected by ELISA method. The expression of toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4), nuclear factor-κB p65 (NF-κB p65), p-NF-κB p65, inhibitor α of NF-κB (IκBα), p-IκBα, high mobility group box protein B1 (HMGB1), cleaved Caspase-3,Bü lymphoma-2 gene (Bcl-2), Bcl-2-associated X protein (Bax) were detected by Western blot method. Results Compared with the control group, the activity of cortical neurons in the model group decreased significantly (P＜0.05); the apoptosis rate, the levels of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-1β (IL-1β), IL-6 in the culture medium, the expressions of TLR4, HMGB1, cleaved Caspase-3 and the ratio of p-NF-κB p65/NF-κB p65, p-IκBα/IκBα, Bax/Bcl-2 increased significantly (P＜0.05). Compared with the model group, the activity of cortical neurons in Crocin group increased by 94.97% (P＜0.05); the apoptosis rate decreased by 65.80% (P＜0.05); the levels of TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6 in the culture medium decreased by 61.86%, 78.34%, 63.42% (P＜0.05); the expressions of TLR4, HMGB1, cleaved Caspase-3 and the ratio of p-NF-κB p65/NF-κB p65, p-IκBα/IκBα, Bax/Bcl-2 decreased by 73.43%, 52.13%, 81.52%, 69.70%, 60.55%, 95.05% (P＜0.05). Lipopolysaccharide significantly reversed the regulatory effects of Crocin on hypoxia/reoxygenation injured cortical neurons (P＜0.05). Conclusion Crocin can inhibit the apoptosis and inflammatory response of hypoxia/reoxygenation injured neurons, and has protective effect on hypoxia/reoxygenation injury of cortical neurons, which mechanism may be related to the inhibition of TLR4/NF-κB signaling pathway activation.

Abstract:Aim To analyze the clinical characteristic of coronary artery calcification (CAC) in patients with maintenance hemodialysis (MHD) and search for noninvasive serological markers for evaluating CAC. Methods 148 MHD patients were selected as the research subjects. The coronary artery calcification score (CACS) was evaluated by multi-slice spiral CT (MSCT) to judge the CAC status. According to CACS, patients with MHD were divided into three groups (CACS＜100 group, 100≤CACS≤400 group, CACS＞400 group). Compare the differences of serum irison, sclerostin (SOST), hypoxia inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α), fetuin A and general clinical data in the three groups. Spearman correlation was used to analyze the correlation between the degree of CAC and each index. Logistic regression analysis was used to analyze the risk factor of CAC in MHD patients. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve was used to search for non-invasive serological indicators for diagnosis and evaluation of CAC in MHD patients. Results The prevalence of CAC (CACS＞100) in 148 MHD patients was 62.8% (93/148). There were statistical differences in irisin, SOST, serum phosphate, age, total cholesterol, triglyceride, low density lipoprotein cholesterol and uric acid among the three groups (P＜0.05), while there were no differences in HIF-1α and fetuin A (P＞0.05). Spearman correlation analysis showed that the degree of CAC was positively correlated with SOST, age, body mass index, total cholesterol, triglyceride, low density lipoprotein cholesterol, blood phosphorus, calcium-phosphorus product (P＜0.05), and negatively correlated with the level of irisin (P＜0.05). Multivariate Logistic regression analysis showed that serum triglyceride, SOST and irison level was independent risk factor for CAC(P＜0.05). ROC curve analysis showed that irisin and SOST had high diagnostic value for MHD patients complicated with CAC. Conclusion Serum irisin and SOST are expected to be non-invasive serological indicators for the diagnosis and evaluation of the severity of CAC.

Abstract:Aim To investigate the relationship between blood lipid levels and rapid eye movement (REM) and non-REM related obstructive sleep apnea hypopnea syndrome (OSAHS) by retrospective analysis of the related data of hypertension patients with OSAHS. Methods Retrospective analysis was made on 478 patients who were hospitalized in the Hypertension Department of Anzhen Hospital from January 1,7 to December 1,0 and did not take lipid-lowering drugs in the first half of the year. Collecting general data (gender, age, height and weight) of patients at admission, detecting total cholesterol (TC), triglyceride (TG), low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDLC) and high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDLC), and recording oxygen reduction index, minimum oxygen saturation, average oxygen saturation, sleep apnea hypopnea index (AHI), 24 h systolic blood pressure (24h SBP) and 24 h diastolic blood pressure (24h DBP). According to whether hypertension patients had OSAHS or not, they were divided into two groups:without OSAHS group and with OSAHS group. The clinical data of the two groups were compared, and the related influencing factors of OSAHS were analyzed by multivariate linear regression equation, spearman equation was used to analyze the correlation between blood lipid level and various indexes of OSAHS. In addition, according to different types of OSAHS, the correlation between AHI and blood lipid indicators in REM OSAHS and non-REM OSAHS patients was analyzed. Results Multivariate linear regression analysis showed that body mass index (BMI) and TG were the relevant influencing factors of OSAHS (P＜0.05). Spearman equation analysis showed that TC was positively correlated with BMI and arousal index (P＜0.05), HDLC was negatively correlated with BMI, hypoxemia index, longest apnea time, arousal index and AHI, and positively correlated with the lowest oxygen saturation (all P＜0.05); TG was positively correlated with BMI, hypoxemia index, arousal index and AHI, and negatively correlated with the lowest and average oxygen saturation (P＜0.05); AHI_non-REM was positively correlated with TC, TG and negatively correlated with HDLC in patients with OSAHS of different types (P＜0.05); AHIREM was positively correlated with TC and TG levels (P＜0.05), but not with HDLC (P＞0.05). Conclusions In patients with hypertension, BMI and TG levels are independent risk factors of OSAHS, and TG can be an independent risk factor positively correlated with the severity of OSAHS; non-REM OSAHS may affect HDLC synthesis by regulating the level of body hormones and thus change the blood lipid.

Abstract:Aim To investigate the association between platelet-derived extracellular vesicles (PEV) and thrombosis events in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). Methods A cross-sectional study was used to include 144 patients with SLE who were treated in the Department of Rheumatology and Immunology of Kailuan General Hospital from January 2019 to April 2022. The general situation, laboratory data and thrombotic event data of the selected patients were collected, and the plasma PEV was detected by flow cytometry. Plasma PEV levels between SLE patients with and without thrombotic events were compared, 144 SLE patients were further divided into high level PEV group and low level PEV group. The differences of thrombotic events and coagulation indicators were compared between different PEV level groups. Spearman correlation analysis was used to analyze the correlation between plasma PEV and coagulation indicators, multivariate Logistic regression analysis was used to analyze the correlation between plasma PEV and thrombotic events. Results PEV levels in the SLE patients with thrombosis events was significantly higher than those without thrombosis events (306.65 (150.8,2.75)/μL vs. 227.04 (178.3,1.36)/μL, P＜0.01). Compared with low level PEV group, the high level PEV group had more patients with thrombosis events (38.29% vs. 20.61%, P＜0.05).Spearman correlation analysis showed that PEV was positively correlated with plasma fibrinogen and D-dimer levels in SLE patients (P＜0.05). Multivariate Logistic regression analysis showed that PEV in peripheral blood was significantly correlated with total thrombotic events and arterial thrombotic events in SLE patients (OR＝1.8,2.23, P＜0.1,0.019), but there was no statistical difference between PEV and venous thrombotic events (P＞0.05). Conclusion The increased plasma PEV level in SLE patients with thrombotic events is related to hypercoagulability and thrombotic events, and may be an effective marker of arterial thrombotic events in SLE patients.

Abstract:Aim To investigate the prevalence of ideal cardiovascular health (ICVH) metrics among urban population in Xinjiang. Methods From July 2019 to September 2021, a two-stage random sampling method was used to randomly select residents of two fixed communities in Urumqi in northern Xinjiang and Korla in southern Xinjiang, aged 30～74 years, for questionnaire survey and physiological and biochemical indicators testing. After excluding patients with previous stroke and/or coronary heart disease, the prevalence of ICVH indicators in the population was analyzed. Results (1) A total of 10 520 participants were selected, with an average age of 46.58 years, including 5 367 males and 5 153 females. The proportion of ideal blood glucose, ideal smoking status and ideal blood lipid was 78.4%(95%CI:77.6%～79.2%), 76.5%(95%CI:75.7%～77.3%) and 65.2%(95%CI:64.3%～66.1%), respectively. Only 20.9% (95%CI:20.1%～21.7%) of the participants achieved the ideal physical activity level, 31.4%(95%CI:30.5%～32.3%) achieved the ideal BMI, 39.1%(95%CI:38.2%～40.0%) achieved the ideal blood pressure, and 43.0%(95%CI:42.0%～43.9%) achieved the ideal healthy diet. (2)Only 1.5%(95%CI:1.3%～1.7%) of the participants met seven ICVH metrics. (3) Only 1.9%(95%CI:1.5%～2.3%) of participants in the youth group had seven ICVH metrics. The proportion of ideal BMI (36.6%,95%CI:35.2%～38.0%), ideal physical activity (19.4%,95%CI:18.2%～20.5%) and ideal diet (42.6%,95%CI:41.2%～44.1%) were all lower than 50% in the youth group. Conclusion Lack of physical activity, high blood pressure, unreasonable dietary structure, and low prevalence of ICVH, especially among young people, are the main problems facing the prevention of cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases in urban of Xinjiang.

Abstract:Coronary vulnerable plaque is associated with adverse cardiovascular events in patients with coronary atherosclerotic heart disease. The development of intravascular imaging has provided a new perspective on the biological factors of the development of atherosclerotic plaques. By identifying the imaging features most likely to lead to adverse cardiovascular events, it can timely identify high-risk patients in clinic, and carry out active prevention and treatment, so as to improve the patients’ life quality.