Abstract:Acute aortic dissection (AAD) is a very dangerous cardiovascular emergency. Although some progress has been made in diagnosis and treatment, the mortality rate of AAD is still high. AAD is a multi-factor involved disease, and its pathophysiological mechanism has not been fully explained, so its clinical treatment effect is limited and its mortality rate is extremely high. A large number of studies have shown that serum amyloid A (SAA), as a major inflammatory protein produced in the acute phase response, is closely related to the occurrence and development of cardiovascular diseases.Therefore, SAA may become a candidate target for the diagnosis and treatment of AAD. This review discusses the relationship between SAA and inflammatory response, vascular dysfunction, thrombosis and extracellular matrix remodeling, and the possibility of SAA as a potential biomarker of AAD.

Abstract:Serum uric acid plays dual role in physiological conditions. Hemorrhagic transformation(HT) is a common complication of acute ischemic stroke, which deteriorates the prognosis of ischemic stroke. The pathogenesis of hemorrhagic transformation is closely related to oxidative stress, inflammatory cascade, destruction of blood-brain barrier and alteplase thrombolysis. Many previous studies have shown that serum uric acid affects the occurrence and development of hemorrhagic transformation through a variety of ways. The aim of this article is to systematically review relevant research to improve the prognosis of hemorrhagic transformation.

Abstract:Aim Myocardial fibrosis(MF)is characterized by extracellular matrix accumulation, fibroblast activation, and transformation into myofibroblast, which is one of the features of cardiac remodeling after cardiac injury. MF includes two basic types:reactive fibrosis and repair fibrosis. Two kinds of fibrosis often coexist in the process of ventricular remodeling. MF can lead to congestive heart failure, malignant arrhythmia and sudden death, and become an important cause of sustainable development and irreversible ventricular remodeling. Some studies have shown that metabolites of intestinal flora, including trimethylamine oxide, short chain fatty acids, indole oxyl sulfate and p cresol sulfate, are involved in the process of myocardial fibrosis and play an important role in the treatment of heart failure. It is expected to become a new target for the treatment of heart failure. In this paper, the mechanism of intestinal flora metabolites in myocardial fibrosis is described, and the research progress of improving myocardial fibrosis by intervention of intestinal flora is also introduced.

Abstract:Coronary atherosclerosis is a chronic inflammatory disease that affects the structure and function of coronary arteries, leading to a series of cardiovascular events. In recent years, the study on the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis in the adventitia of coronary arteries has attracted more and more attention. The adventitia is made up of fibroblasts, progenitor cells, immune cells, microvessels and adrenergic nerves, which surround perivascular adipose tissue. All kinds of tissues and cells of the adventitia have high metabolic activity, which can regulate the structure and function of the whole vascular wall “from the outside to the inside” and participate in the formation of atherosclerosis. This paper reviews the recent advances in the pathogenesis of coronary atherosclerosis in the adventitia of arteries.

Abstract:Vascular calcification (VC) is widespread in patients with diabetes mellitus (DM), and it is a characteristic change in the process of diabetic vascular lesions. VC is also an independent risk factor for increased risk of clinical adverse cardiovascular events. At present, the mechanism of VC formation in patients with DM has not been fully elucidated. Further exploration of the common pathogenesis and internal relationship between them is expected to provide new ideas for the prevention of cardiovascular complications in patients with DM. This article will review the common pathogenesis of DM and VC, and provide ideas for further research and clinical prevention and treatment of DM and VC.

Abstract:Chronic inflammation plays an important role in the development of atherosclerosis (As). Immune response related mechanisms are involved in the process of arterial inflammatory disease. Regulatory T cell (T regulatory cells,Treg) is a T lymphocyte subset with unique immunomodulatory function. A great deal of evidence shows that the quantitative changes and dysfunction of Treg are closely related to the pathogenesis of As. This paper briefly describes and summarizes the mechanism of Treg in the development of As, and introduces the latest research progress of Treg as a new drug therapeutic target in the prevention and treatment of As, in order to provide new ideas for the prevention and treatment of atherosclerotic diseases.

Abstract:Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is a kind of disease that poses a great threat to human health. Its occurrence and development are often influenced by many factors of heredity and environment. The gut bacteria are the largest population of bacteria in the human body, affecting the physiological metabolism of the host. In recent years, the interaction between intestinal flora and host has been paid more and more attention. Intestinal microflora plays an important role in human health and disease. Many studies have confirmed that intestinal flora and its metabolites can affect CVD from dyslipidemia, type 2 diabetes mellitus, hypertension, atherosclerosis, heart failure and other aspects. Therefore, it is worth exploring the scheme of using intestinal flora as the target of CVD treatment. This article will systematically review the role of gut bacteria in the pathogenesis of CVD and the methods of regulating gut bacteria to treat CVD.

Abstract:Aortic dissection (AD) is a serious cardiovascular disease with high mortality rate. It has the characteristics of rapid onset, rapid progress, complex and diverse manifestations, dangerous course, high mortality and poor prognosis. Although the specific pathogenesis of AD has not been fully elucidated, in recent years, microRNA (miRNA) has been found to play an important role in the occurrence and development of many cardiovascular diseases. Through the application of gene chip technology analysis and other related studies, it is found that there are significant differences in the expression of some microRNAs between AD patients and normal aortic tissues, which obviously contribute to the diagnosis of AD. Many studies have shown that miRNAs may play an important role in the pathogenesis and diagnosis of AD. This article reviews the research progress on differential expression and pathogenesis of miRNAs in AD.

Abstract:Psoriasis and atherosclerosis are both chronic inflammatory diseases, and share the common basic lesion of “plaque”, which affect different target organs. Clinical epidemiological studies suggest the correlations between psoriasis and atherosclerosis, and those in immunologic pathogenesis are reviewed in this essay from the perspective of immunological mechanisms and inflammatory pathways.

Abstract:Atherosclerosis causes severe cardiovascular diseases, and those diseases are the most serious threats to public health. Inflammation was generally considered as a novel risk factor of atherosclerosis besides some classic factors, such as hyperlipemia. The Nod-like receptor protein-3 （NLRP3） inflammasome is a large multimeric danger-sensing platform, as one of innate immunity response, promotes the activation of Caspase-1 and mediates the mature of pro-inflammatory cytokines interleukin-1β （IL-1β） and IL-18. Evidences have been provided that NLRP3 inflammasome has a critical role in the development of atherosclerosis. Here we discuss the advance in the role of NLRP3 Inflammasome in atherogenesis, and the potential targets of atherosclerosis according to NLRP3 inflammasome.