Abstract:In recent years, more and more studies have found that phase separation plays an important role in the onset and progression of cardiovascular diseases. Phase separation refers to the process in which biological macromolecules, such as proteins and nucleic acids, spontaneously segregate into concentrated and diluted phases under certain conditions. This process creates distinct functional compartments within cells and is involved in various cellular biological functions. The driving forces of phase separation include multivalent interactions such as electrostatic interactions, hydrophobic interactions, and π-π stacking. Key protein regions that promote phase separation include intrinsically disordered regions, low complexity domains, folded domains, and nucleic acid binding domains. This article reviews recent progress in understanding the role of phase separation in cardiovascular diseases, including heart failure, myocardial fibrosis, and atherosclerosis, with a particular focus on the last five years of research. Future studies should aim to elucidate the specific mechanisms of phase separation in cardiovascular diseases and explore its potential as a therapeutic target.

Abstract:Aim To discuss the function of very low density lipoprotein (VLDL) in foam cell formation and the role of VLDL receptor (VLDLR) in this process. Methods Macrophage cells separated from mouse abdominal cavity were incubated with three lipoproteins, VLDL, β-VLDL, and low density lipoprotein (LDL) for 24 h, 48 h respectively. The content of triglyceride (TG) and total cholesterol (TC) in cells was examined, and the foam cells formation was identified by oil red O dying. The mRNA expression level of LDLR, LRP and VLDLR was measured by half-quantitation RT-PCR. Results The content of TG and TC increased by all three lipoprotein; VLDLR was upregulated by VLDL and β-VLDL while LDLR was downregulated and LRP was upregulated a little. Conclusion The experiment in the ldl-a7-VR cells which can steadily express VLDLR shows that the uptake of triglyceride-rich lipoprotein (TRL) mediated by VLDLR plays an important role in the accumulation of lipids and the foam cell formation.

Abstract:Aim The present pater is to study the effect of different 3end of variable number of tandemly repeat (VNTR) alleles from human apoliopoprotein B gene on eukarytic expression and regulation. Methods HVE36 allele distributed widely in nor- mal Population and HVE44 allele distributed mainly in patients with atherosclerosis were cloned into plasmids of luciferase reporter vecters pGL2-promoter and PGL2-control. Then the recombinants were transfect- ed iuto Hela and HepG2 cell lines.Results The level of expression of pGL2-control plasmid inserted with WE44 allele was 4 times than those of the recombinant with HVE36. The level of expression of pGL2-promoter plasmid inserted by HVE44 is 1. 7 times than those in plasmid inserted by HVE36 allele in Hela cell line, In HepG2 cell line, the level of expression of pGL2-control recombinant with HVE44 is 3. 05 times of those in HVE36 recombi- mant. But in PGL2-promoter system, the level of expression of recombinant with HVE44 alleles is 2.1 time than those in HVE36 recombinant. In differ- ent cell lines, the expression level of recombinant with HVE44 was much higher than those of HVE36 recom- binant. Conclusioas Different 3VNTR alleles have regula-tory role in gene expression and HVE44 allele can pos-itively regulate the eukarytic expression, which may be one of causes of higher apolipoprotein B level in atherosclerosis patients with VNTR-big alleles like HVE44. More investigations are carried out for regu- latory mechanism of the 3-end nontranslation region.