Abstract:High density lipoproteins (HDL) are heterogeneous lipoproteins, the HDL subclass exhibits different atherosclerotic protective effects and cardiovascular protection. The distribution of HDL subclasses also changes dynamically with age, gender, etc. Drugs that affect HDL function and subclass distribution may be more effective ways to protect from cardiovascular risk. This article reviews the detection of HDL subclasses, anti-atherosclerotic function and its association with cardiovascular disease, and provides a new perspective for the prevention and treatment of cardiovascular diseases in humans.

Abstract:Aim To investigate the association between high density lipoprotein (HDL) subclasses and IL-6 concentration in patients with metabolic syndrome (MS). Methods The MS subjects (n=135) and healthy controls (n=77) were selected. The levels of IL-6 were determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) kits. According to the levels of plasma IL-6, the MS subjects were divided into three groups:low IL-6 group (IL-6≤66.76 ng/L), middle IL-6 group (66.76 ng/L3b, HDL3c, plasma total cholesterol (TC), triglyceride (TG), low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDLC), LDLC/HDLC and ApoB100/ApoAI were significantly increased in MS subjects (P<0.05 or P<0.01), while HDL2a, HDL2b, preβ2-HDL, apolipoprotein AI (ApoAI) and high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDLC) were significantly decreased in MS subjects (P<0.05 or P<0.01). Compared with the control group of the same sex, the relative content of HDL subclass of male or female in MS group was significantly different (P<0.05 or P<0.01). Compared with the same group of males, the level of lipids, apolipoproteins in control group and MS group were no statistical significance (P>0.05). The correlation analysis showed that IL-6 was positively correlated with the level of preβ1-HDL and HDL3b and negatively correlated with the level of HDL2b. Conclusion The plasma IL-6 levels were increased in MS patients, and the particle size of HDL showed a shift toward smaller size. The increasing of IL-6 may be related to HDL subclasses distribution abnormality and dyslipidemia.

Abstract:Aim To investigate the association between high density lipoprotein (HDL) subclasses and Omentin-1 concentration in metabolic syndrome (MS). Methods Concentrations of plasma lipids and the apolipoproteins in the MS subjects (n=102) and healthy controls (n=81) were detected by automated biochemical analyzer. The levels of Omentin-1 were determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) kits. The contents of plasma HDL subclasses were determined by two dimensional gelelectrophoresis-immunodetection. According to the level of plasma Omentin-1, the MS subjects were divided into three layers amount (low Omentin-1 group (Omentin-1≤9.10 μg/L), middle Omentin-1 group (9.10 μg/L100/AⅠ and LDLC/HDLC were significantly increased in MS patients (P<0.05 or P<0.01). Meanwhile, the concentrations of high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDLC), apolipoprotein AⅠ (apoAⅠ) were significantly decreased in MS patients (P<0.05 or P<0.01). Compared with the low Omentin-1 group, preβ1-HDL and HDL3b were decreased (P<0.05 or P<0.01), while the HDL2a were increased significantly in high Omentin-1 group (P<0.05). Conclusion The levels of plasma Omentin-1 were decreased in MS patients, and the particle size of HDL showed a shift toward smaller size.The low plasma Omentin-1 may be related to HDL subclasses distribution abnormality and dyslipidemia.

Abstract:Aim To investigate the association between high density lipoprotein （HDL） subclasses and plasma triglyceride （TG） concentration in metabolic syndrome （MS）. Methods Concentrations of plasma lipids and the apolipoproteins were detected by automated biochemical analyzer. According to the NCEP ATP-Ⅲ file set by the U.S. National Cholesterol Education Program,the MS subjects were divided into four groups of TG<1.69 mmol/L,1.69 mmol/L≤TG＜2.25 mmol/L,2.25 mmol/L≤TG＜5.64 mmol/L,TG≥5.64 mmol/L . HDL subclasses were determined by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis associated with immunodetection. Results Compared with their counterpart control,the levels of plasma total cholesterol （TC）,TG,low density lipoprotein cholesterol （LDLC）,apolipoprotein B100 （ApoB100）,preβ1-HDL,HDL3b,ApoB100/AⅠ and LDLC/HDLC were significantly increased in MS （P<0.05 or P<0.001）. Meanwhile,the concentrations of HDLC,ApoAⅠ,HDL2b and HDL2a were significantly decreased in MS （P<0.05 or P<0.001）. The content of preβ1-HDL,HDL3a and HDL3b were increased,while the HDL2a and HDL2b were significantly decreased,with the increasing of plasma TG levels in MS. Conclusion HDL subclasses distribute abnormal in MS,the content of preβ1-HDL and HDL3b were increased,while HDL2b and HDL2a were significantly decreased in MS. The levels of plasma TG may be one of the influencing factors of abnormal HDL subclasses in patients with MS.

Abstract:Aim To investigate the association between high density lipoprotein （HDL） subclasses and plasma cholesterol concentration in metabolic syndrome （MS）.Methods Concentrations of plasma lipids and the apolipoproteins were detected by automated biochemical analyzer,HDL subclasses were determined by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis associated with immunodetection. According to the Chinese Adult Dyslipidemia Prevention Guide,the MS subjects were divided into three groups of total cholesterol （TC） <5.17 mmol/L,5.17 mmol/L≤TC<6.21 mmol/L,TC≥6.21 mmol/L.Results Compared with their counterparts of the control,the levels of plasma fasting plasma glucose （FPG）,TC,TG,low density lipoprotein cholesterol （LDLC）,apolipoprotein B100（apoB100）,preβ1-HDL,HDL3b,apoB100/AI and LDLC/HDLC were significantly increased in MS （P<0.05 or P<0.001）,the concentrations of high density lipoprotein cholesterol （HDLC）,apolipoprotein AI （apoAI）,HDL2a and HDL2b were significantly decreased in MS （P<0.05 or P<0.001）. The content of preβ1-HDL and HDL3b were increased,while the HDL2a and HDL2b were decreased significantly,with the increasing of plasma TC levels in MS. The decreasing of HDLC levels and （or） the increasing of LDLC levels make the plasma HDL subclass abnormal,what’s more,the abnormal HDLC content played a stronger role when both of them are abnormal,the content of small particles preβ1-HDL have increasing trend and the content of HDL2b have decreasing trend. The levels of plasma TC,HDLC and LDLC were positively correlated with the abnormal HDL subclass distribution analyzed by linear correlation and multiple regression analysis.Conclusion The plasma TC level may be related to HDL subclasses distribution abnormality in MS.

Abstract:Aim To study the influence of plasma advanced oxidation protein products （AOPPs） level on the contents of high density lipoprotein （HDL） subclasses. Methods Contents of AOPPs were detected by the chloramine-T method and the composition of HDL subclasses were measured with two-dimensional electrophoresis immunoblot in 346 subjects. According to the concentration of AOPPs,subjects were divided into three layers amount: low AOPPs （AOPPs≤60 μmol/L） group,middle AOPPs （60 μmol/L＜AOPPs＜90 μmol/L） group,high AOPPs （AOPPs≥90 μmol/L） group. Results Compared with the low AOPPs group,preβ1-HDL and HDL3a were significantly increased （P<0.001）,but lecithin-cholesterol acyltransferase （LCAT）,HDL2a and HDL2b were significantly decreased （P<0.001） in high AOPPs group. Cholesterol ester transfer protein （CETP） did not change in subjects. Correlation analysis showed AOPPs effect on changes in plasma HDL subclass. Conclusion With elevated plasma AOPPs concentration,the particle size of HDL shows a shift toward smaller size,AOPPs may hinder mature metabolism of HDL.

Abstract:Aim To elucidate the relationship between lipoprotein lipase(LPL) gene HindⅢ polymorphism and plasma lipid profiles and HDL subclasses in obesity. Methods LPL gene HindⅢ polymorphism was assayed by polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism(PCR-RFLP).The subclasses of serum HDL in 95 obese subjects and 144 nonobese subjects were determined by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis conjunction with immunodetection method. Results Both in obese group and control group,the H~+H~+ homozygote and H~+ allele were the major allelotype.There was no statistically significant difference in frequencies of genotypes or alleles between two groups.Obese group had higher plasma triglycerides,apoB100,apoCⅡ,apoCⅢ,apoE,preβ1-HDL levels and TG/HDLC,but lower HDLC,apoAI,HDL2b,apoE/CⅢ compared with control group(p<0.05).In obese group,HindⅢ H~+H~+ had higher plasma triglycerides than H~-H~-genotype.Compared with H~-H~-genotype,the subjects with H~+H~+ and H~+H~-genotypes had higher apoB100,preβ1-HDL,HDL3b levels but lower apoE/CⅢI,HDL2a,HDL2b.In control group,the genotypes of H~+H~+ and H~+H~-showed higher apoCⅡ,apoCⅢ,HDL3b levels,but lower apoE/CⅢ,HDL2a,HDL2b levels compared with the genotype of H~-H~-(p<0.05). Conclusions H~+H~+ genotype was associated with higher plasma TG levels of obesity.LPL gene polymorphism was associated with plasma levels as well as associated with changes of HDL subclasses distribution in Chinese population.And the particle size of HDL tended to be smaller in H~+ allele carrier subjects,furthermore,the tendency was more obvious in obese group,which indicated that HDL maturation might be abnormal in subjects with H~+ allele.