Abstract:Aim To explore the correlation between atherogenic index of plasma (AIP), triglyceride-glucose (TyG) index and their severity in patients with chronic coronary syndrome (CCS). Methods A total of 298 patients diagnosed with CCS by coronary angiography were retrospectively selected from Cardiology Department of the First Hospital of Lanzhou University, from May 2017 to May 2023. Clinical indexes were collected and Gensini scores were calculated based on the results of the coronary angiography, clinical data of different Gensini integral groups was compared. Linear regression was used to analyze factors that influence the elevation of Gensini scores, and receiver operator characteristic (ROC) curve was used to determine the predictive value of AIP and TyG index for the severity of coronary artery lesions in CCS. Results The research sample consisted mostly of males (77.9%) with a mean age of (61.9±8.0) years. The adjusted AIP (aAIP) and TyG index of high Gensini score group were higher than those of low Gensini score group and medium Gensini score group, and the differences were significant. Linear regression analysis revealed that total cholesterol (TC), high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDLC), aAIP and TyG index were the factors influencing the elevated Gensini scores (all P＜0.05). Correlation analysis revealed that aAIP and TyG index were negatively correlated with left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF), positively correlated with Gensini scores, and positively correlated with stent implantation and the number of stent implantation (all P＜0.05). The ROC curve results indicated that when the aAIP threshold was 1.924, the area under the ROC curve (AUC) for predicting Gensini score ≥41 points was 0.583 (95%CI 0.525～0.640), with a sensitivity of 92.62%, a specificity of 25.50%, and Yoden index of 0.181. When the TyG index threshold was 8.748, the AUC for predicting Gensini score ≥41 points was 0.768 (95%CI 0.716～0.815), with a sensitivity of 77.18%, specificity of 67.11%, and Yoden index of 0.443. Conclusion The aAIP and TyG index were positively correlated with the severity of coronary artery disease in CCS patients. Both elevated levels can predict the severity of coronary lesions in CCS patients, but TyG index showed superior predictive ability compared with aAIP.

Abstract:Atherosclerosis (As) is a key factor in the primary lesions of macrovascular diseases, and dyslipidemia plays a very important role in the process of As. At present, a large number of studies at home and abroad have shown that atherogenic index of plasma (AIP) is closely related to cardiovascular disease, atherosclerosis and other chronic diseases. It is considered that AIP, as a new comprehensive blood lipid index, has predictive value for early cardiovascular risk, metabolic syndrome, chronic kidney disease, immune-related diseases and other common clinical diseases. The purpose of this review is to summarize the clinical research progress of AIP.

Abstract:Aim To investigate the relationship between small and dense low density lipoprotein cholesterol (sdLDLC) and atherogenic index of plasma (AIP) in patients with coronary heart disease (CHD). Methods A total of 525 patients admitted to our hospital due to chest pain and chest tightness from September 2019 to June 2020 and suspected CHD underwent coronary angiography were retrospectively collected as the research subjects. According to coronary angiography results, they were divided into CHD group (n＝422) and non-CHD group (n＝103). At the same time, they were divided into three groups according to AIP tertiles:AIP≤－0.056 group (n＝176), －0.056＜AIP＜0.208 group (n＝175), AIP≥0.208 group (n＝174). Each lipid index was measured and AIP was calculated. sdLDLC and AIP levels were compared between CHD group and non-CHD group. Influencing factors for AIP and risk factors for CHD were analyzed. Results The sdLDLC, AIP, low density lipoprotein (LDL) subtype LDL3, LDL4 in CHD group were significantly higher than those in non-CHD group, and the LDL1, high density lipoprotein cholesterol in CHD group were significantly lower than those in non-CHD group (P＜0.05). With the increase of AIP, sdLDLC and LDL4 increased significantly, while LDL1 and LDL2 decreased significantly (P＜0.001). Multiple linear regression analysis showed that sdLDLC and history of hypertension were independent influencing factors of AIP (P＜0.05). Multivariate Logistic regression analysis showed that sdLDLC and AIP were independent risk factors for CHD (P＜0.05). Conclusion There is a significant positive correlation between sdLDLC and AIP in CHD patients, and sdLDLC and AIP are independent risk factors for CHD.

Abstract:Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is a serious threat to human health. It is an urgent problem for clinicians to early detect and prevent the occurrence of cardiovascular events. Atherogenic index of plasma (AIP) is an independent predictor of CVD proposed in recent years. It is derived from the logarithm conversion of the ratio of triglyceride (TG) to high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDLC), i.e., log[TG/HDLC]. Compared with the previous single index, AIP can more comprehensively reflect the level of lipid metabolism, which is of great significance for clinical diagnosis and treatment monitoring of diseases. This article reviews the application of AIP in CVD.

Abstract:Aim To evaluate the impact of atherogenic index of plasma (AIP) on prognosis in patients with premature acute coronary syndrome (ACS) after percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). Methods A total of 208 premature ACS patients (male≤55 years old, female≤65 years old ) with PCI were studied. According to the cutpoint of AIP at 0.06, the patients were classified as atherogenic phenom group (n=155) and non-atherogenic phenom group (n=53). The patients were followed-up for 1 year. The basic clinical characteristics, incidences of mortality and major adverse cardiovascular and cerebravascular events (MACCE) were compared between two groups. Results Atherogenic phenom group had higher mortality, higher rate of MACCE than those in non-atherogenic phenom group (11.0% vs 1.9%, P＜0.05; 24.5% vs 11.3%, P＜0.05, respectively). Multiple factor Logistic analysis revealed that AIP was independently associated with MACCE among patients with premature ACS at 1 year after PCI(OR=2.9,5%CI:1.426~3.209, P<0.05). Multiple Cox proportional hazard analysis showed that AIP was an independent predictor for all cause death among patients with premature ACS at 1 year after PCI (HR=1.7,5%CI:1.137~2.879, P<0.05). Conclusion AIP has a certain predictive value for all-cause death and MACCE after PCI in patients with premature ACS.

Abstract:Aim To explore the feasibility of atherogenic index of plasma (AIP) in predicting coronary heart disease (CHD) by comparing the predictive value of AIP and pulse wave velocity (PWV) on coronary heart disease. Methods A total of 316 patients (196 males and 120 females) with chest pain suspected coronary heart disease were taken the coronary angiography (CAG) in our hospital. Study subjects were divided into coronary heart disease group and non-coronary heart disease group according to the results of CAG. The independent risk factors of coronary heart disease were analyzed by multivariate Logistic regression analysis and predictive value on coronary heart disease were compared between the two groups. Results The levels of AIP and PWV were significantly higher in coronary heart disease group than those in non-coronary heart disease group (P＜0.01). Multivariate Logistic regression analysis revealed that high AIP and PWV were independent risk factors of coronary heart disease (P＜0.01). AIP was positively correlated with PWV in coronary heart disease patients (r=0.830, P＜0.01). Area under the curve for AIP and PWV in evaluating prognosis of coronary heart disease were 0.764 (95%CI was 0.683～0.802, P＜0.01) and 0.721 (95%CI was 0.642～0.784, P＜0.01).At the optimal point, there was no significant difference between the two groups in sensitivity, specificity and accuracy for coronary heart disease in statistics (P＞0.05). Conclusion There are certain predictive value of AIP level for coronary heart disease. When the level of AIP is higher than 0.161, the risk of coronary heart disease is greater.

Abstract:Aim To investigate the clinical value of neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL) for the early diabetic nephropathy(DN), and further explore the relationship of NGAL and atherogenic index of plasma. Methods 120 cases of patients with diabetes mellitus were divided into 2 groups according to the urinary albumin creatinine ratio(UA/Cr). In addition, there is a control group including 60 cases of healthy subjects. NGAL, hypersensitive c-reactive protein (hs-CRP) and lipid related indicators of all cases were measured and the atherogenic index of plasma (AIP) was calculated. The changes of NGAL, hs-CRP, AIP were compared and analyzed. All cases were divided into three groups according to the three digits of AIP. The changes of NGAL and hs-CRP were analyzed. Simple linear correlation and multiple linear regression analysis were performed for all variables. Results The level of NGAL, AIP and hs-CRP in normal albuminuria group and DN group was significantly increased compared with control group(P<0.001). The level of NGAL, AIP and hs-CRP in DN group was significantly increased compared with normal albuminuria group(P<0.001).Serum NGAL level increased obviously as the rise of the AIP three digits. AIP were positively correlated with hs-CRP and NGAL(r=0.296, 0.313, P<0.05). Independent influencing factors for AIP were NGAL and hs-CRP. Conclusion NGAL is an index for early DN. NGAL is an acute phase reaction protein which is involved in the development of atherosclerosis in diabetic nephropathy.

Abstract:Aim The aim of this study is to explore the correlation between serum vitamin D level and atherogenic index of plasma （AIP） in male.Methods From January to December in 2013,male 934 cases were selected in physical examination center of the 306th hospital of PLA. Fasting venous blood was collected from cases. Serum 25-hydroxy vitamin D ［25（OH）D］ level was determinated. Serum triglyceride and high density lipoprotein cholesterol were detected,and AIP was calculated. The relationship between 25（OH）D and AIP was analyzed.Results The average level of 25（OH）D and AIP in entire subjects were 52.23±21.59 nmol/L and 0.10±0.30 respectively. There was a negative correlation between the level of 25（OH）D and AIP （r＝－0.10,P＜0.01）. The value of AIP was significantly higher in vitamin D deficient group than that in vitamin D normal group （0.13±0.30 vs 0.08±0.29,P＜0.05）. The serum 25（OH）D concentration in the AIP abnormal group was significantly lower than that in the AIP normal group （51.35±21.06 nmol/L vs 54.66±21.90 nmol/L,P＜0.05）.Conclusions The serum vitamin D level is closely related to the AIP in male. Thereby,maintaining the body’s normal level of vitamin D may have benefits on the prevention of the atherosclerosis and atherosclerosis related diseases.

Abstract:Aim To investigate the correlations of atherogenic index of plasma with serum lipids of hyperlipidaemia patients and their thrombotic risk factors.Methods Serum lipids and homocysteine,uric acid,6-Keto-PGF1,TXB2,FⅦ and other biochemical parameters were detected by standard methods in 100 cases of hyperlipidaemia and 109 controls.The atherogenic index of plasma(AIP)was calculated,and the correlation of AIP,UA,Hcy with other thromboplastic risk factors were analyzed by multiple linear regression respectively.Results Compared to controls,the levels of TC,TG,BMI,AIP,GLU,LDLC,FⅦ,PGI2 and non-HDLC were significantly increased(P><0.01),and the levels of TXB2 and TXB2/PGI2 were decreased(P><0.01)in the hyperlipidaemia.The index of AIP was significantly and positively correlated with BMI,DBP,GLU,TG,UA,non-HDLC,SBP,FⅦ and Hcy and negatively correlated with HDLC(P><0.05).Serum homocysteine was significantly and positively correlated with age,SBP,DBP,UA and negatively correlated with HDLC(P><0.01).The level of UA was significantly and positively correlated with TG,BMI,TXB2(P><0.05 or P><0.01)and negatively correlated with HDLC(P><0.01).BMI was positively correlated with TG,DBP,UA(P><0.01)and negatively correlated with HDLC(P><0.01).Conclusion The levels of AIP,PGI2,non-HDLC and FⅦ were significantly increased in hyperlipidaemic patients compared to control subjects.TC and TG were correlated with various thrombotic risk factors.The index of AIP was corresponding closely to BMI,DBP,GLU,TG,UA,non-HDLC,SBP,FⅦ and Hcy.AIP could accurately evaluate the risk of hyperlipidaemia patients,AIP was closely related to homocysteine,high uric acid hematic disease and high level of FⅦ,which formed the atherosclerosis risk factors.