Aim To reveal the distribution characterization of serum levels of lipids,lipoproteins,and apolipoproteins in different nationality. Methods The authors determined quantitative levels of those traits mentioned above and messured the body hight (H) and weight (W), and calculated both body surface area (s) and body mass index [BMI=W/S2(m2)] in 773 Kazaks (men 360 and women 413) and 911 Han nationality (men 466 and women 445) from Xinjiang of China. Results Kazaks men and women, respectively, had significantly higher serum levels of HDLC and apolipoprotein A1 (allP<0.001) and significantly lower serum levels of TG (menP<0.01, womenP<0.001), Lp(a)(allP<0.005), apolipoprotein B (menP<0.005,womenP<0.001) and apolipoprotein B/A1 (menP<0.01, womenP<0.001) than their Han nationality controls; the threshold points of apolipoprotein A1 (<1.2 g/L) and apolipoprotein B (>1.2 g/L) are higher in Hans than in Kazaks for apolipoprotein A1 (20.7% vs 9.8%) and apolipoprotein B (18.6% vs 14.3%); the serum levels of TG,HDLC, Lp(a),apolipoprotein A1 and apolipoprotein B/A1 are all closely correlated with nationality (respectively,P<0.001, P=0.001, andP<0.05). Conclusion The nationality differences exist in serum levels of lipids, lipoproteins, and apolipoproteins, and this differs maybe come from genetic effects, which affect the serum levels of lipids, lipoproteins,and apolipoprotein by the method of controlling the lipid metabolism pattern. Future study will to dissect to the role of genetic factors affecting on serum lipids.