Aim To observe the effects of hyperlipidemia on the microvascular blood flow volume and oxygen supply of the rabbit aortic wall. Methods Twenty male New Zealand rabbits were randomly divided into normal control group or high-fat diet group, 10 rabbits in each group, and were fed for 4 weeks. Blood and abdominal aorta samples were collected at the end of the study. The serum lipoprotein levels were measured by automatic biochemical analyzer, microvascular blood flow of the rabbit aortic wall was measured by color microspheres technology. Immunohistochemical staining was used to observe the microvessel density and the hypoxia condition in abdominal aorta wall. Hypoxia inducing factor-1α （HIF-1α） mRNA and protein expression of the arterial wall tissue were detected respectively by Western blot and Real-time fluorescent quantitative reverse transcription PCR （RT-qPCR）. Results Serum lipoprotein levels in high-fat diet group were increased significantly compared to normal control group （all P＜0.01）. Color microspheres test result showed the microvascular blood flow of the aortic wall in high-fat diet group was significantly higher than that in the normal control group ［58.56 ±6.21 μL/（min·g） vs. 39.17±4.47 μL/（min·g）, P＜0.01］, and the wall microvessel density in high-fat diet group was also significantly higher than that in the normal control group （5.1 ± 0.4 n/mm² vs. 2.7±0.7 n/mm², P＜0.01）, as HIF-1α expression also had no obvious changes in protein and mRNA levels （P>0.05）. Conclusion Hyperlipidemia increases the microvessel density and microvascular blood flow volume of the rabbit aortic wall, but does not affect the oxygen supply.