Recent studies have shown that atherosclerosis is essentially a chronic vascular inflammatory disease, in which interleukin-1β plays a key regulatory role. Vascular endothelial cell damage caused by a variety of factors can lead to overexpression of interleukin-1β. By combination with interleukin-1 I receptor and activating NF-κB signaling pathway，interleukin-1β induces the synthesis of a large number of secondary inflammatory mediators, such as IL-6, TNFα. The results of animal experiment and clinical trials showed that antagonizing interleukin-1β signaling pathway was conducive to improving cardiac remodeling and reducing the risk of atherosclerotic cardiovascular events. The treatment of atherosclerosis targeting interleukin-1β has promising prospects for clinical application.