A large number of clinical epidemiological studies have shown that high density lipoprotein (HDL) level is inversely associated with cardiovascular disease risk factors. Apolipoprotein AⅠ (ApoAⅠ) is the main functional protein in HDL, and the content of HDL is about 70%. Oligo-lipid ApoAⅠ is the main recipient of ATP-binding cassette transporters (ABCA1) mediated cholesterol efflux from macrophages. It can mediate cholesterol efflux free from macrophage, then start reverse cholesterol transport (RCT) process, and remove excess cholesterol in extrahepatic tissue. A large number of animal experiments have also confirmed that the lack of HDL ApoAⅠcan also lead to the increase of atherosclerosis, and overexpression of human ApoAⅠgene can significantly inhibit the generation of early atherosclerosis in mice. The mechanisms of ApoAⅠ gene expression and the related factors of inducing and inhibiting ApoA Ⅰexpression will be reviewed in this article.