The incidence of hypertension is increasing year by year in the whole world. It has become the consensus of the medical community to study the pathogenesis of hypertension. The insufficiency of energy supply, oxidative damage and abnormal signal transduction caused by mitochondrial dysfunction and mitochondrial gene mutation are the risk factors of hypertension. Understanding the relationship between mitochondrial dysfunction and hypertension will provide new ideas for the research and treatment of hypertension. This paper has discussed mitochondrial function, mitochondrial dysfunction and the relationship between mitochondrial dysfunction and hypertension in great detail.