Aim To observe the changes in the expression level of NOD-like receptor pyrin domain containing 3(NLRP3) inflammasomes at different stages of the course of atherosclerosis (As) and the intervention effect of Trichosanthis Fructus-Allii Macrostemonis Bulbus through establishment of the model of atherosclerosis in ApoE－/－ mice. Methods High-fat-fed ApoE－/－mice for 6,0, 34 weeks were randomly divided into model groups (M1, M2, M3) and medication groups (6g/(kg·d))(GX1, GX2, GX3), 10 mice in each group. C57BL/6 mice were set as blank control group(C1, C2, C3). The mice in the blank control group and the model group were given normal saline by gavage, and the mice in the medication group were given the corresponding drugs by gavage daily for 4 weeks. After the experiment, the mice were sacrificed and the aortic plaque area and morphology were evaluated by oil red O staining. HE staining was used to observe the pathomorphological changes of the aorta. Immunohistochemical method was used to detect NLRP3 expression in the aorta. The levels of interleukin-1β (IL-1β) and interleukin-18 (IL-18) in serum were detected by ELISA. Western blot was used to detect the protein expression of NLRP3, apoptosis-associated speck-like protein containing (ASC), cysteinyl aspartate specific proteinase-1 (Caspase-1) in aortic tissue. qRT-PCR was used to detect the mRNA expression of NLRP3, ASC, Caspase-1 in aortic tissue. Results At different stages of the course of As, lipid accumulation and plaque area in aorta of mice were significantly increased in model group, the levels of IL-1β and IL-18 in serum was continuously increased, and the protein and mRNA expressions of NLRP3 and ASC were continuously up-regulated, the protein expression of Caspase-1 also showed an upward trend, but there was no statistical significance between M2 and M3. Compared with the model group, the lipid accumulation and plaque area in aorta of mice at different stages were significantly decreased in medication group, and the levels of IL-1β and IL-18 in serum were decreased; The protein and the mRNA expression of NLRP3, ASC and Caspase-1 in aortic tissues were significantly down-regulated. ConclusionsNLRP3 inflammasome was involved in the pathological process of aorta As. Trichosanthis Fructus-Allii Macrostemonis Bulbus drug parican regulate the expression of NLRP3 inflammasomes at different stages in the aorta of As model mice, and thus play a role in protecting As.