Cardiovascular disease (CVD) has become the number one killer worldwide, and the morbidity and mortality significantly increased. Trillions of microorganisms inhabit the human gut and play crucial roles in metabolism, immunity and responses to diseases. Previous studies have demonstrated a correlation between cardiovascular diseases and gut microbiota. Both innate and adaptive immune mechanisms can affect the occurrence and development of cardiovascular diseases. The specific components and metabolites of gut microorganisms can regulate the differentiation and function of immune cells such as macrophages and lymphocytes, as well as influence the immune homeostasis through circulatory system. This review discusses the potential immune mechanisms between the gut microbiota and the development of cardiovascular diseases through the interaction of the gut microbiota and its metabolites with the immune system, which provides new insights into the prevention and treatment of cardiovascular diseases.