Arteriosclerosis obliterans (ASO) has become a serious threat to people's physical and mental health of primary peripheral vascular disease, and early diagnosis and treatment is urgent and necessary. In recent years, as the research on the non-protein mechanism of post-transcriptional mechanism become clear, part of the research focused on exploring the relationship between microRNA and ASO. Therefore, this paper based on the regulation of microRNA in atherosclerosis model, animal model and patients with vascular smooth muscle cells proliferation, migration, differentiation, phenotypic transformation, apoptosis, senescence, inflammation and oxidative stress related to learning and research. From the aspects of gene regulation, microRNA research could better explain the occurrence and development of hardening of the ASO, but because of the many factors, such as complicated regulatory mechanism and the lack of the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics research data, many target genes and so on, its clinical application is still restricted. In the future, the microRNA healing potion applied to the treatment of vascular diseases, especially in lower limb arteriosclerosis occlusion disorder will reduce the damage effectively.